109 



.stercoraria, L., 4; Sargus cuprarms, L., 4; F. canicular is, L., 3; the 

 total absence of Musca domestica being again noticeable. Another 

 heap of mannre, not compacted, near farm buildings and about a mile 

 from the laboratory, yielded :^ — 0})hyra leucostoma, Wd.,36; S. calci- 

 ■ trans, L., 4 ; S. cuprarius, L., 13; C. cUicrura, End., 37; C. deman- 

 data, F., 6 ; F. canicularis, L., 3. A small heap of mixed garden and 

 kitchen refuse and some fowl dung close to the laboratory yielded : — • 

 Muscina sfabukms. Fin., 13 ; F. canicularis, L., 17 ; C. cUicrura, Rnd., 

 13 ; 0. leucostoma, Wd., 4. In a large manure shed, the floor of which 

 was a cement tank 12 inches deep and with an area of 660 square feet, 

 a portion of the contents, 25 square feet in area, was covered and, 

 though possibly some flies escaped, 453 were taken in 10 days and these 

 nearly all Muscina stabulans ; at this rate the manure shed might have 

 produced 1,200 flies per diem ; only three Musca domestica were 

 taken. 



Records of a number of other similar experiments are given and the 

 following general conclusions were reached : The house-fly will breed 

 in large numbers in stable refuse stored close to dwellings, the con- 

 trolhng factor being the dweflings rather than the stable refuse, the 

 latter providing a breeding place for flies visiting the house in search 

 ■of food ; the open, farm manure-heap far from houses is but little 

 frequented by house-flies ; spent heaps under rural conditions produce 

 practically no flies at all ; the farm heaps though producing hardly 

 any house-flies are a prolific source of Stomoxys calcitrans and for the 

 protection of farm animals all such heaps should be specially treated ; 

 when the farm dwellings and buildings adjoin one another, the danger 

 is even greater especially if dairies and other food-preparing depart- 

 ments are in proximity to farm refuse. Town manure heaps should 

 be far more strictly regulated than at present. In addition to S. calci- 

 trans which, though regarded as chiefly a pest of horses, is a serious pest 

 of man, Musca aufumnalis, De G., is a great nuisance in houses, 

 entering attics and disused apartments in enormous numbers in autumn. 

 .So called hibernating house-flies are almost invariably of this species. 

 No difficultv w^as found in breeding this fly from cattle dung found in 

 iields. 



/. Barter (H. F.). On Three New African Midges. — A?in. Trap. Med. 

 ^ Parasit., Liverpool, x, no. 1, 29th April 1916, pp. 131-138, 1 fig., 



1 plate. 



The new species described are Forcipomyia lefcmni, from the Gold 

 'Coast and Culicoides cordiformitarsus and C stephensi, from Cairo. 



/^ 



'Carter (H. R.). Immunity to Yellow Fever. — Ann. Trop. Med. 

 Parasit., Liverpiooi, x, no. 1, 29th April 1916, pp. 153-164. 



In countries in which yellow fever is epidemic the view is held that 

 permanent immunity is conferred by an attack ; in endemic foci, on 

 the other hand, it is believed that subsequent attacks are common. 

 Evidence for the permanence of immunity should be most abundant 

 in places in which yellow^ fever occurs in epidemics ; this evidence 

 would rarely be satisfactory to those holding a contrary view, because 

 •the behef of physicians in such places that this immunity is permanent 



