118 



In one case an almost fully developed tsetse-fly emerged from a 

 puparium parasitised by this species. Syntomosphyrum glossinae, 

 Wtrst., has been met with at Mwengwa, Ngoa and Kashitu and 

 probably occurs in the Luangwa Valley. The insect was taken from 

 September to November ; about 25 usually emerged from one 

 puparium. Among the Dipterous parasites of G. morsitans, two 

 Bombyhids, Villa lloydi, Aust., and probably Thyridanthrax abruptus, 

 Lw., were obtained from Ngoa and Chutika respectively. The first 

 species was collected in September and flies emerged during the same 

 month. The second species was taken in July and adults appeared 

 in August. 



A record of G. morsitans feeding on avian blood was obtained at 

 Kashitu when two flies were seen on the bare skin of the neck of a 

 ground hornbill, one being in the act of sucking blood. In three 

 instances flies feeding on rabbits were observed to be engorged with a 

 clear fluid instead of blood ; this may have been serous fluid obtained 

 by piercing the body wall. 



Cases of sleeping sickness in the Luangwa Valley were partly scattered 

 and partly centred around the villages of Chinunda, Chutika, Chewanda 

 and Kakumbi. The first two and the last of these contain food, shade, 

 and potential breeding places of the fly. Natives passing through 

 the villages are liable to come into contact with shady places in which 

 the flies are resting, and an infected fly brought into this type of village 

 could remain long enough to infect several persons. G. morsitans 

 probably requires the blood of domestic animals in addition to that of 

 man, and as domestic animals are present in these villages, the fly 

 might be able to breed there. Epidemics of disease occur in shady 

 and scattered villages ; hence these epidemics could probable be 

 prevented by rendering the villages compact and by removing shade. 

 The clearing of bush round water-holes is a more difficult matter, as 

 the water would fail if the shade were removed. 



Annandale (N.) & Kemp (S.). Fauna of the Chilka Lake : — Aquatic 

 and Marginal Insects.^ — Memoirs of Indian Museum, Calcutta, v, 

 pp. 177-188, 1 plate, 3 figs. 



It is probable that several species of Chironomids breed in the lake 

 itself and Culicoides peregrinus, Kieff.,is very common at Barkul in 

 July and September, breeding in small pools near the edges. Another 

 species alhed to Palpomyia polysticta, Kieff . , is found in the lake itself 

 and seems to be distinct from any of those described from India. With 

 regard to Culicidae, Major A. B. Fry stated in 1911 that the vast 

 perennial mosquito population of the villages on the lake comes from 

 the lake itself and, where weeds and algae offer protection from the 

 attacks of fish, Anophehne larvae and nymphs swarm, chiefly those 

 oi Anopheles rossi and A. fuliginosus, though A. listoni, A.fouieri, and 

 A. sinensis {nigerrimus) were also present. The authors only found 

 larvae of A. rossi in the lake and these were abundant in brackish water 

 ofl Barkul in February and July. The absence of A. ludlowi is con- 

 sidered remarkable, as it is the common Anopheline of brackish water 

 near Calcutta. The opinion is expressed that most of the mosquitos 

 loieed in the small pools near the edge rather than in the lake itself. 



