143 



Ross (J. N. MacBean). Medical Impressions of the Gallipoli Campaign 

 from a Battalion Medical Officer's Standpoint.— JL R. Naval Med. 



Service, London, ii, no. 3, July 1916, pp. 313-324, 1 chart 



Prophylactic measures against dysentery, diarrhoea and typhoid 

 during the Gallipoli campaign included the destruction of flies, the 

 protection of food and the proper disposal of excreta. Food was kept 

 in tins until required, and during meals plates were covered with gauze. 

 Drinking water was filtered and over-chlorinated before use, and 

 therefore could not be regarded as a carrier of infection. Infection 

 was undoubtedly transmitted by flies to the food consumed, since it 

 was impossible to keep the latter absolutely free from them. Excreta 

 were covered with sand and earth and treated with chloride of lime, 

 while creosol was used for the cleansing of latrines. A liquid " C " 

 was supplied for spraying corpses which lay between the lines of 

 trenches ; this appeared to act as a deterrent, but was not apparently 

 toxic to flies. 



Graham-Smith (G. S.). Observations on the Habits and Parasites of 

 Common Flies. — Parasitologi/, Cambridge, viii, no. 4, June 1916^ 

 pp. 440-544, 17 figs., 8 plates, 5 tables, 9 charts. 



The investigations recorded in this paper were carried out at 

 Cambridge between 1913 and 1915. Preliminary experiments in the. 

 winter of 1913-14 pointed to the fact that this season is passed through 

 in the pupal stage and further observations during the next winter 

 confirmed the view that the great majority of common flies pass the 

 winter as pupae, or more rarely as larvae which pupate early in spring. 

 The following species were definitely proved to be capable of hibernating 

 in this stage : — Calliphora erythrocephala, C. vomitoria, Fannia mani- 

 cata, F. canicularis, F. scalaris, Anthomyia radicum, Tephrochlamys 

 canescens, Blepharoptera serrata, Scatophaga stercoraria, Dryotnyza. 

 faveola, Nemopoda cylindrica, Piophila vulgaris, Hydrotaea dentipes, 

 Sarcophaga melanura, S. carnaria; Stomoxys calcitrans, Mydaea lucortim,. 

 Lucilia caesar, L. sericata, Phaonia erratica, Muscina stabidans, M. pabu- 

 lorum, Ophyra leucostoma, Polietes lardaria. A small number of adults 

 of C. erythrocephala, M. stabulans, M. pabulorum, etc., emerged on 

 warm days during the autumn and winter and were observed in various 

 situations. It is possible that some of these adults may survive until 

 the spring. Blow-flies kept out of doors under sheltered conditions, 

 emerged about 1st January and fed readily on warm days, but became 

 inactive in cold weather. Forty per cent, of the total number survived 

 until 4th April, and in May larvae were reared from their eggs. Females 

 emerging in autumn or winter probably do not reach sexual maturity 

 much earher than those which emerge in spring. Emergence from the 

 pupa depends mainly on the temperature, and in all probability trans- 

 formation takes place only after the materials in which the pupae 

 pass the winter have reached a certain critical temperature, which 

 differs in various species. For C. erythrocephala, F. manicata and 

 F. scalaris, this temperature is from 48° to 50° F., for Ophyra about 

 58° F., and for Muscina about 63° F. In those cases in which flies, 

 appear very early in the year, it is probable that the " nymph " stage 

 is reached during the previous autumn and the adults are ready to. 



