29 



Culex pipicns. It now has been ])roved that of the 20 German species, 

 some 5 only hibernate as adults in cellars, sheds, etc. The majority 

 pass the winter in the egg-stage, the eggs having been laid singly in 

 dry situations during the warm weather. Some species, especially 

 those that occur in vast swarms, may travel as far as 9 miles from 

 their breeding-places. To decide whether operations are likely to 

 be (a) successful, (6) successful but costly, or (c) hopeless, it is necessary 

 first of all to determine the species concerned and to examine the 

 localities. 



The Anophelines are found wherever stagnant or slow-flowing 

 water containing vegetation occurs and they have been observed 

 at altitudes above 3,300 feet. They do not travel more than about 

 one to two thousand yards, so that a number of communities are not 

 required to co-operate in combating them. Anti-larval work is 

 difficult on account of the large water- surfaces involved, but the 

 adults of Anopheles maculipennis may be destroyed indoors by 

 spraying with a suitable insecticide. 



Culex pipiens may be described as a domestic mosquito and is the 

 species most readily combated. In winter the hibernating females 

 may be sprayed, first during the period November-December and 

 then again in January-February. Summer treatment consists in 

 oiling the breeding-places. 



The Aedinae cannot be combated in winter. Large communities 

 may attempt the costly eradication of their breeding-places ; if 

 the' latter are in forests, oiling may be resorted to, but in other 

 situations the cost will be very high* 



Richardson (C. H.). The Response of the House-fly to Certain 

 Foods and their Fermentation Products. — Rept. Dept. Entom. 

 1916, New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, N.J., 1917, 

 pp. 511-519. [Received 2nd December 1919.] 



The information contained in this paper has been noticed elsewhere 

 [R.A.E., B, V, 72]. 



Peterson (A.). House-fly Investigations. — Rept. Dept. Entom. 1917, 

 New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, N.J., 1918, 

 pp. 479-484. [Received 2nd December 1919.] 



A practical demonstration of well-known remedial measures against 

 flies was held in 1917 at Beach Haven, New Jersey, where the 

 conditions for fly control in the town are almost ideal, so that little 

 remained to be done beyond eliminating the breeding-places in 

 stables, etc. On 25th June all stalls in stables and other breeding- 

 places were treated with borax (crystals). The floor-boards of stalls 

 and other parts of the barn were examined every two weeks during 

 the summer and only once did any stable require more than two 

 treatments in order to prevent breeding. Manure was treated in 

 various ways. Some was removed from stables daily and spread 

 out on gardens or waste ground, Avhere it dried rapidly and showed 

 no evidence of fly-breeding. From another stable the manure was 

 removed twice a week and placed on the marshes where the tides 

 constantly soaked it with salt water. Another stable possessed a 

 large cement pit and into this the manure was thrown and covered 



