51 



Austen (E. E.). Anti-Mosquito Measures in Palestine during the 

 Campaigns of 1917-1918. — Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., London, 

 xiii, no. 4, '2ht November 1919, pp. 48-60. 



The anti-mosquito work carried out during the campaign of 1917-18 

 in Palestine, of which details are given, included the usual measures 

 such as draining and oiling of pools, importation of fish {Tilapia 

 nUolica) and preventive prophylaxis. 



The species observed include Anopheles turJchudi, List. ; A. hi- 

 furcatus, h. ; A. algeriensis, Theo. ; A. macidipennis, Mg. ; A. hyrcanus, 

 Pall, {sinensis, Wied.) ; A. pJiaroensis, Theo. ; A. mauritianu&, Grp. ; 



A. palest inensis, Theo. ; and Cidex pipiens, L. The topography of 

 the various districts is discussed. The majority of pools and small 

 streams are choked with a green alga {Spirogym) in wliich Anophelines 

 are extremely abundant. Anophelines were also found breeding in 

 the wells in the orange groves, the village cisterns and marshes. In 

 the marshes a snail (Bullinus confortus), the intermediate host of 

 Schistosomum haematobium, was found to be abundant. 



In nearly all cases the measures undertaken proved successful, but 

 were probably not permanent. 



The paper concludes with some recommendations with regard to 

 anti-mosquito work on active service. 



Bull (L. B.). A Contribution to the Study of Habronemiasis : a 

 Clinical, Pathological and Experimental Investigation of a Granu- 

 lomatous Condition of the Horse. — Habronemic Granuloma. — 



Trans. R. Soc. S. Australia, Adelaide, xliii, 1919, pp. 85-141, 

 3 plates. [Received 7th January 1920.] 



Evidence indicates that Musca domestica (house-fly) acts as the 

 intermediate host of certain species of Hahronema, a Nematode of 

 which the larva gives rise to a granulomatous condition generally 

 affecting the external mucous membranes of the horse in South 

 Australia. When deposited on the external mucous membrane the 

 larvae are apparently able to penetrate to the submucosa ; when 

 present in some lesion of the skin or in a puncture wound made by 

 Stomoxys calcitrans or some other biting fly the moisture necessary to 

 the larvae is probably supplied by an exudation of blood or serum. 



An account is given of the life-histories of the three species of 

 Habronema, H. muscae, H. megastoma and H. microstoma [R.A.E., 



B, vii, 118]. From a study of these it appears that the larvae 

 generally responsible for production of lesions are those of H. megas- 

 toma, though the other two species also may be imphcated. The 

 granuloma commonly called swamp cancer which affects horses in 

 Northern Australia is essentially the same and is possibly due to 

 larvae of H. microstoma inoculated by S. calcitrans. The granuloma- 

 tous conditions common in horses and asses in all parts of the world 

 and known as " summer sores " or " granular dermatitis " has the 

 same aetiology as the granulomata observed in South Austraha. 

 The aetiology of the tumours known as " leeches " in North America 

 and " bursattee " in India is somewhat obscure ; these again may be 

 similar to habronemic granulomata. 



Prophylaxis should be directed to ridding animals of the adult 

 Nematodes in the stomach and to the destruction of horse dung or 



