pools ; Culex pipiens, L., abundant in all regions ; C. hortensis, Fie, 

 the larvae of which are numerous in clean water and also occur in a 

 salt-water lake ; adults of this species reared in captivity could not 

 be induced to feed either on animals or on various fruits ; C. ajncalis, 

 Adams, of which C. territans, Wlk., C. saxatilis, Grossb., and 

 C. pyrenaicus, Brole., are considered to be synonyms, shows an affiiiity 

 for clear water and occurs with Anopheles bifurcatus ; Taeniorhynchus 

 richiardii, Fie, which occurs abundantly during the warm months, 

 ovipositing in fresh or salt water, the larvae attaching themselves to 

 the roots of aquatic plants [R.A.E., B, vii, 103] ; and Uranotaenia 

 tmguiculata, Edw., of which a single larva only was captured in August, 

 though the adults were common in 1917 from June to September 

 throughout Macedonia and in Albania. Hibernation apparently 

 occurs in the larval stage. 



Laveran (A.) & Franchini (G.). Contribution a I'Etude des 

 Flagelles des Culicides, des Muscides, des Phlebotomes et de la 

 Blatte Orientale.— 5;//^. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xiii, no. 2, 

 11th February 1920, pp. 138-147, 5 figs. 



From a number of Culex pipiens taken in the town and Environs oi 

 Bologna, none of those from the city itself was found to be infected^ 

 but of those from the environs 1 per cent, contained flagellates in the 

 digestive tube; these were invariably females and had imbibed 

 mammalian blood. Individuals of Anojjheles showed a higher 

 percentage of infection, but do not come within the scope of this paper. 



The flagellates found included Herpetomonas, Crithidia, and Try- 

 panosotna. The forms of the parasites are described. Mice inoculated 

 with these flagellates became infected, their blood being also infective 

 when injected into other mice. It is noticeable that the three 

 parasites have been found in the same individuals of C. pipiens, and 

 it is not yet determined whether a triple infection occurs or whether 

 they are all forms of the same organism. In support of this latter 

 hypothesis it is remarked that in these preparations of flagellates 

 taken from C. pipiens elements have been observed strongly 

 resembling intermediates between these types of flagellates. 



The same problem arises in the case of flagellates of Muscids. Flagel- 

 lates have been found in the digestive tubes of Calliphora erythrocejjhala, 

 Ceroxys crassipennis and Sarcophaya haemorrhoidalis. Of some 

 twenty individuals of S. haemorrhoidalis, ten wereiound infected with 

 flagellates which were apparently identical with Hervetomonas sarco- 

 phagae, Prowazek. The forms of flagellates found in these three 

 species of flies are described and agree very closely with the description 

 of H. muscae-domesticae, Burnett. Close search failed to reveal any 

 form of Crithidia or Trypanosmna, though a mouse inoculated in the 

 peritoneum with flagellates from S. haemorrhoidalis showed a trypano- 

 some infection to which it succumbed. This co-existence of Herpeto- 

 monas and Trypanosoma in the digestive tract of Muscids has frequently 

 been observed, and other investigators have recorded rearing pure 

 cultvires of both Herpetomonas and Tryjxmosoma from the same 

 individual of Drosophila sp. This, however, does not entirely solve 

 the problem, and it seems possible that the transformation from 

 Herpetomonas into Crithidia or Trypanosoma might be produced under 



