123 



Lakon (G.). Bemerkungen uber die Uberwinterung von EmpusOr 



muscae. [Remarks on the Hibernation of Empusa musme.y- 



Zeitschr. f. angew. Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2, 1919, pp. 286-290. 



[Received 19th April 1920.] 



The possible ways in which Empusa musaie may pass the winter 



are discussed and "the opinions of earlier authors are quoted. The 



present author suggests Pollenia rudis, ¥., as one of many hosts which 



might harbour the spores of this fungus during the winter, but he 



does not exclude the possibility of hibernating spores, although their 



presence has not been ascertained except in one isolated case. 



Andres (— ). Mutmasslicher Parasit von Cahndra oryzae, L. [A 



supposed Parasite of Cakmdm oryzae, L.]— Zeitschr. f. angew. 



Entom., Berlin, v, no. 2, 1919, p. 315. [Received 19th April 1920.] 



The occurrence of an irritating skin eruption among millhands that 



came in contact with grain imported from Rumania to Germany 



is recorded. It was thought to be due to Cahndra oryzae, as the grain 



was heavily infested with this weevil, but the author is of opmion 



it was caused by the mite, Pedicuhides ventricosus, which has already 



been recorded as noxious to man [R.A.E., B, vii, 161], and is piobably 



also a parasite of C. oryzae, L. 



SWELLENGREBEL (N. H.) & SwELLENGREBEL-DE-GrAAF (J. M. H.). 



Observations on the Larvae-destroying Action of small Fish in the 

 Malay Archipelago.— J/. Trop. Med. (& Hyg., London, xxhi, 

 no. 7, 1st April 1920, pp. 77-79. 



In the Malay Archipelago there occur several species of fish that 

 as adults or young forms may be induced to eat Anopheline larvae. 



The larvae observed on various occasions in the course of this 

 investigation were those of Anopheles subpictus {rossi), A. hyrcanus 

 (sinensis), A. barbirostris, A. ludlowi, A. vagus, A. aconitus, A.fuligino- 

 sus. 



Haplochilus panchax and, to a lesser degree, Ophiocephales stnatus 

 and Dangila cuvieri are good larva destroyers when kept together with 

 the larvae in vessels free from vegetation. The influence of vegetation 

 can be reduced by washing the plants so as to diminish the amount 

 of adhering organisms. The protection afforded to larvae by plants 

 is not therefore a mechanical one but due to their providing the fishes 

 with other food. 



The close relation between aquatic vegetation, larvae and fish is due 

 to the fact that both the latter derive their food from the former. 

 Destruction of the vegetation deprives the larvae of their food. 



Regarding H. panchax the above conclusions only hold for salt or 

 brackish water. In rice-fields its larva-destroying qualities were 

 quite apparent in the absence of vegetation, at least as regards 

 Anopheles ludloivi. 



It may therefore be stated that in salt-water much good should 

 not be expected from these fish ; in fresh-water, especially rice-fields, 

 their, usefuhiess increases and may be taken advantage of in connection 

 with other measures, viz. : timely cutting of the rice (before the 

 stalks go down) and draining off the irrigation water as soon as it 

 is no longer necessary. 



