125 



James (Lt.-Col. S. P.). Risks of Spread of Malaria in Relation to 

 Demobilisation. — Repts. Local Govt. Bd. on Public Health and Med. 

 Subjects, London, New Ser., no. 123, 1919, pp. 25-28. 



The potential risk of spreading malaria by the introduction of 

 malaria carriers into rural areas of England is discussed, with special 

 reference to demobilisation. As a result of observations made it is 

 considered that the degree to which there is close and continuous 

 association between the malaria carrier, the Anopheline and the sus- 

 ceptible person is the factor that determines whether new cases will 

 occur in a potentially malarious locality or not. 



The requisite degree of close and continuous association is only 

 likely to occur in the particular type of dweUing that A. maculipennis 

 selects as its permanent resting and feeding place, such as the ill- 

 liffhted ill-ventilated malarious houses at Queenborough. 



Grove (A. J.). Some Observations on the Prevalence and Habits 

 of Anopheline Mosquitos in England. — Repts. Local Govt. Bd., 

 on Public Health cO Med. Subjects, London, New Ser., no. 123, 1919, 

 pp. 29-39, 1 fig. 



The bulk of the information contained in this paper has been noticed 

 previously [R.A.E., B, vii, 110]. 



Carter (H. R.). Malaria in England in 1917 and 1918,— U.S. Public 

 Health Repts., Washington. B.C., xxxiv, no. 46, 14th November 

 1919, pp. 2605-2608. [Received 22nd April 1920.] 



This paper is an analysis of the reports and papers issued by the 

 Local Government Board dealing with the position as regards malaria 

 in England owing to the importation of a large number of men infected 

 with the disease in 1916, 1917 and 1918. 



In the past, malaria used to be ])revalent in many parts of England, 

 especially the Fens and Kent; but the country was almost free from 

 it in 1914. Of the three British Anophelines, Anopheles maculipennis, 

 which corresponds to the American A. quadrimaculatus , is an efficient 

 carrier of malaria. The form of malaria that existed in England in 1914 

 was so mild and so infrequent as to be unnoticed (the introduced form 

 is much more severe), and it may be taken as a rule that if the biological 

 conditions of the insect host are such that malaria, once prevalent, 

 spontaneously disappears, any outbreak of malaria, caused by the 

 introduction of carriers, will be temporary only. For example, though 

 in 1917 over 10,000 infected men were imported, there were only 231 

 cases of malaria contracted in England. The author considers that 

 the measures of control in that year may be almost disregarded. If 

 these conditions of conveyance continue, the malaria introduced in 

 1917 will be of no sanitary importance within a year or two. The 

 actual rapidity of the spontaneous decrease will probably depend mainly 

 on the temperatures of the summers for the next few years — whether 

 they are warm enough to allow of sufficient production of Anophehnes 

 and of sufficient development of the parasite in the mosquito to 

 continue a fair percentage of the infection. 



