159 



Kand (F. V.) & Pierce (W. D.). A Co-ordination of our Knowledge of 

 Insect Transmission in Plant and Animal Diseases. — Phytopatho- 

 logy, Baltimore, x, no. 4, April 1920, pp. 189-231. [Received 14th 

 July 1920.] 



This paper reviews present knowledge with regard to insect trans- 

 mission of plant and animal diseases, and emphasises the importance 

 in future studies of collaboration between pathologist and entomologist. 



Pierce (W. D.). Some Necessary Steps in any Attempt to prove 



Insect Transmission or Causation of Disease, ^a'ence, Lancaster 



Pa., N.S., 1, no. 1284, 8th August 1919, pp. 125-130. [Received 



14th July 1920.] 



In an investigation of the question of the transmission of a disease 



by invertebrate carriers, the importance of co-operation between 



physician, parasitologist and entomologist is emphasised. Details 



are given of the various ways in which an insect or other blood 



sucker can be involved m disease transmission. The information that 



should be collected about the disease to be investigated and the possible 



insect carriers are indicated, and the questions to which transmission 



experiments must provide a reply are detailed. Hints are given on 



the handling of experimental insects, and on recording observations. 



AwATi (P. R.). Bionomics of Houseflies : I— Outdoor Feeding Habits 

 of Houseflies with Special Reference to Musca 'protnisca [angus- 

 tifrons ?). — Indian Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 3, January 

 1920, pp. 548-552. [Received 16th July 1920.] 



The species of Musca may be divided into two groups :— -haemato- 

 phagous species, such as M. bezzii, usually found associated with cattle, 

 and species that frequent houses and are more or less associated with 

 man. The chief aim of this paper is to find which of the species of the 

 second group are intimately connected with fresh human faeces, so far 

 as feeding is concerned. Sinca fresh faeces are usually found infected 

 durmg epidemics of cholera, typhoid, etc., and are often easily accessible 

 to house-flies, it is important to know which species of Musca are first 

 attracted to feed on them. 



The results of a number of observations, which are described, made 

 in different situations and under varying weather conditions in difierent 

 seasons of the year, showed that Musca divaricata {nebido ?) was most 

 abundantly found in dwelling houses, sweetmeat shops, hotels, on 

 stale human faeces and on human faeces mixed with other matter ; 

 while M. promisca {angustifro7is ?) was mostly attracted to fresh 

 human faeces. M. promisca was also found in sweetmeat shops, etc., 

 though in comparatively small numbers. 



AwATi (P. R.). Bionomics of Houseflies : II- Attraction of Houseflies 

 to Different CoXoxaxs.— Indian Jl. Med. Res., Calcutta, vii, no. 3, 

 January 1920, pp. 553-559. [Received IGth July 1920.] 



This paper describes two series of experiments which seem to show 

 that, contrary to the statements of certain writers {e.g., R.A.E., B, vii, 

 5G), various colours do have different degrees of attraction for house- 

 flies. I'he first series was carried out at night, when artilicial lights 



