165 NnV 1 I 



By cutting down the grass at the begmning of the dry season, the 

 small pools formed by the ram are exposed and dried out before they 

 prove a breeding place for mosquitos. Infestation by adult mosquitos 

 was also greatly reduced by clearing the ground round dwellings. 

 Owing to tbie danger of the flooded hoof -prints of cattle, their traffic was 

 regulated by special police so that all such puddles could uiimediately 

 be treated. A mixture of equal quantities of crude oil and kerosene 

 proved best for oiling pools. In the case of large surfaces it was found 

 best to make frames of dried stems of sisal plants lashed horizontally 

 and laid on the surface of the water so as to prevent the oil from 

 being all blown to one part of the pond. The use of fish as destroyers 

 of larvae is also advocated. At Dar-es-Salaam top-minnows proved 

 most effective for practical work in addition to Tilapia nilotica, T. ovata, 

 T. naUdensis, T. mossambica, Electris fusca, Gobius giuris, Fundulus 

 guentkeri, Ambassis commersoni and Mugil macrolepis. Six fish were 

 found able to cope with a heavily infested tank of an average capacity 

 of 200 cubic feet. 



Expermients show that the mmmium period for the incubation of 

 the eggs of Culex fatigans is under 24 hours, the minunum period for 

 the larval stage is under 120 hours and that of the pupal stage under 48 

 hours, thus giving a minunum life-cycle of less than 192 hours. Com- 

 pletion of the life-cycle may therefore be prevented by oilmg infested 

 water every 7 days. Although the foulest cesspool water proved the 

 best medium for Culicines, Anophelines were noticed to avoid any water 

 in the least contaminated by sewage ; and they develop most rapidly 

 in rain-filled ditches with plenty of growing plant life. 



Of the mosquito repellents tried, 1 oz. of soft-soap, 20 c.c. of paraffin 

 and 20 c.c. of eucalyptus oil proved the most effective, but its use is 

 not advocated. 



Brumpt (E.). Les Piroplasmes des Bovides et leurs Hotes vecteurs.— 



Bull Soc. Path. ExoL, Paris, xiii, no. 6, 9th June 1920, pp.416-460, 

 12 figs. 



The organisms causing piroiDlasmosis of cattle are discussed at length; 

 they include seven different species of Piroplasma and two of Ana- 

 flasma. They may be recognised by distinctive morphological and 

 biological characters, which are here described. 



The species dealt with mclude : Piroplasma bovis, transmitted by 

 Ixodes ricinus {Haemapkysalis punctata bemg probably an accidental 

 host of this organism). P. argentimm, transmitted by Margaropus 

 annulatus australis ; P. bigemimmi, transmitted by 31. amivlatus, and 

 its varieties such as M. a. australis m Australia, M. a. decoloratus in 

 Southern Africa, and M. a. calcaratus in Northern Africa ; experi- 

 mentally it has also been transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 

 and Haemaphysalis punctata. 



Theileria piarva is usually transmitted by RJiipiicephalus appendicu- 

 latus {fiitens), which changes its host three times. R. evertsi, R. capensis 

 and R. simus are also capable of transmitting this organism, and 

 Hyalomma aegijptium is considered by some authors to be a vector. 

 In Macedonia, Transcaucasia and Tunisia it is also probably carried by 

 R. bursa and R. sanguineus. 



