172 



by laymen in recognising Anophelines. This difficulty has been met- 

 in Baden by special instruction in anti-mosquito work. Malaria 

 notification is obligatory there, but in Bavaria this has had to be 

 postponed owing to the mass of work it would throw on medical men» 



Anopheles tnaculipennis, A. bifurcatus and A. plumbeus {nigripes) are 

 the three species found in Germany. Details are given of the characters 

 and habits that enable them to be differentiated. The habitat of these 

 mosquitos has some relation to the development in them of the malaria 

 parasite. In the forest species, A. plumbeus, the parasite can develop 

 only during a very warm summer. The out-door temperature is not 

 involved in the case of A. maculipennis and A. bifurcatvs, as they are 

 domestic species. The higher and more equable daily temperature 

 indoors is a point that deserves attention. It is often erroneously 

 asserted that the development of the parasite is impossible in Germany, 

 but this is negatived by the cases that occur in individuals that have 

 never been away from their native district. Up to the present 

 Anophelines have been reported from only a few localities in Bavaria. 

 A survey of the right bank of the Ehine is to be undertaken. In the 

 valley of the Danube, from the Suabian Alps down to Passau, 

 A. maculijjennis and A. bifurcatus are common and A. pilumbeus occurs 

 in the forests. The occurrence of indigenous malaria is therefore quite 

 possible in Bavaria, and careful observation of Anophelines is called for. 



The author had ample opportunities for testing mosquito-repellent 

 preparations. Odourless substances sometimes proved ' quite as 

 effective as those with a pronounced smell. Cedar- wood oil was better 

 than the ethereal oils from indigenous plants. Though of little use, 

 cod-liver oil was better than petroleum. 



DE Beaurepaire Aragao (H.). Sobre a pretensa Identidade entre 

 Ornithodoros rostratus, Aragao 1911, e Ornithodoros turicata, 

 Dug6s 1876. [On the alleged Identity of 0. rostratus, Aragao,. 

 with 0. turicata, Duges.]— Arch. Escola Sup. Agric. e Med. Vet., 

 Nictheroy {Rio de Janeiro), iii, no. 1-2, December 1919, pp. 1-5,, 

 3 plates. [Received 10th August 1920.] 



The author disagrees with those who treat Ornithodoros rostratus, 

 Aragao, as a synonym of 0. turicata, Duges [R.A.E., B, vii, 11]. An 

 illustrated description is given of each of these ticks, particular 

 attention being drawn to the tarsi. 



FuLLAWAY (D. T.). The Horn-Fly Problem. — Hawaiian Forester and 

 Agriculturist, Honolulu, xvii, no. 6, June 1920, pp. 166-167. 



Several blood-sucking flies, notably the horn-fly [Lyperosia irritans, 

 L.] are a source of perpetual irritation to cattle, undoubtedly resulting 

 in reduced weight or lowered milk production. Their development 

 from ova to mature msects is accomplished in the dung of cattle and 

 horses ; and while considerable attention has been given to the 

 problem of their control, hardly any improvement in the situation has 

 resulted. Some natural agency is required that will prevent the 

 development of the flies, as artificial methods of dung disposal are 

 impossible in Hawaiian conditions. The mtroduction of dung-feeding 

 beetles [c/. R.A.E., B, vii, 186] and of birds has been suggested. The 

 second idea is supported by the relative freedom of Honolulu from the 



