177 



In all indigenous cases the protozoon found has been Plasmodium 

 vivax, which is generally transmitfced by Anopheles maculipennis. 

 P. 'praecox {falciparum) probably requires a higher temperature or 

 longer continuity for its development. 



The inability to prognosticate the temperature of any year compels 

 the taking of preventive measures in England in face of a large 

 importation of infection. 



Talbot (G.). Observations on Mosquitoes at Sandwich during the 

 Years 1918-19.— J?. RA.M.C, London, xxxv, no. 2, August 1920, 

 pp. 167-175, 2 charts. 



The small number of mosquitos found in the course of investigations 

 made at Sandwich in December point to the success attendmg the 

 treatment of dykes during the. spring and summer of 1918: The 

 latest date on which a larva of Anopheles maculipennis was found was 

 22nd October, this example pupating on 13th November. Males 

 were found in October and females throughout the winter. A. bifur- 

 caius was present in the larval stage throughout the winter ; a pupa 

 was fomid on 23rd October, but adults were not seen between October 

 and January. Adults of Theobaldia annulata were present throughout 

 the winter, but of Culex pipiens only females were found m the winter, 

 the last male bemg seen in November. A female of Theobaldia 

 annulata was found with a developed egg-mass on 18th December. 

 It is possible that with a prolonged period of cold weather hibernation 

 of the larvae of Anopheles bifurcatus may take place. A. maculipennis 

 probably hibernates m the adult stage if the shelter is cold and no 

 opportvmity of feeding can occur, but conclusive evidence of tliis has 

 not been obtained. 



Special observations were made on the clypeal hairs of the larvae, 

 the results of which are described. 



Austen (E. E.). The House-FIy, its Life-History and Practical 

 Measures for its SuDpression.— jBnt Mus. {Nat. Hist.), Loyidon, 

 Econ. Series, no. 1a., 1920, 52 pp., 2 plates, 7 figs. Price Ls. U. 

 Nett. 



This pamphlet is similar to one already noticed [R.A.E., B, i, 66] 

 but wider in scope, including recommendations based on the experience 

 of the late war, and being applicable to conditions in hot countries 

 as well as ui the British Isles. The chief additions to the matter already 

 noticed are under the headmg of preventive measures, particularly the 

 disposal of manure, refuse, etc., with reference both to ordinary con- 

 ditions and to those of military service. 



Manure may be dealt with by close-packmg, by frequent turnuig 

 (to expose larvae near the surface to the heat of the inside of the heap), 

 or by desiccation (in hot climates). Incmeration of manure if properly 

 carried out, and if practicable, is an ideal measure on service. The 

 disadvantages of treatment with borax or hellebore to prevent fly 

 development are numerous. 



Trench latrmes are ideal breeding places and should be replaced by 

 fly-proof buckets. When latrmes are filled in, or the contents of 



(709) ^ 



