193 



may be looked upon as the chief carrier of malaria in England, is 

 found in buildings and sheds occupied by stock, and is most numerous 

 in September. Larvae have been taken from April to September. 

 They abound in the stagnant water of the marsh-country dykes, and 

 the vegetation protects them against the stickleback (perhaps the most 

 valuable enemy of A. macuUpennis in estuarine dykes) and other 

 fish. In the marsh and estuarine dykes they are found in waters 

 with a salinity ranging from 16 -5 to 339 parts of chlorine per 100,000. 

 A. bifurcatus, which is essentially not a domestic mosquito, is a less 

 likely transmitter than A. macuUpennis. Its larvae have not been 

 found in the brackish estuarine dykes, nor in water overgrown with 

 surface vegetation. Adults occur from March to October, and larvae 

 throughout the year. At Uckfield, where the occurrence of a case 

 of indigenous malaria is recorded, there is a possibility of the occurrence 

 of A. plumbeus on account of the presence of many beech trees with 

 numerous tree-holes, but as A. uniculipennis was found, search for 

 .1. plumbeus was not made at the time the case was investigated. 

 In addition to A. macuUpennis, Culex pipiens and Theobaldia annulata 

 are found frequently under domestic conditions. 



As regards the relation of shade to mosquito breeding, Anopheline 

 larvae in England may be said to be the frequenters of open, weed- 

 grown water. The isolated shade of a tree, bridge, etc. , is no hindrance 

 to breeding provided that other conditions are favourable. Larvae of 

 Odilerotahis and Theobaldia have been found in abundance in shady 

 situations, and those of Culrx pipiens were observed in complete 

 darkness. 



The anti-malaria measures carried out are described in detail. 

 S reening the huts occupied by carriers, subsequent i emo val of carriers 

 from Anopheline areas, winter destruction of imagines, and cleaning 

 of dykes were the chief protective measures employed. 



Raabe (H.). Studja nad Mucha domowa. [A Study of the House- 

 fly.] — Przeglqd Epidemjologiczny, Warsaw, i, no. 1, 1920, pp. 

 45-55. [With a summary in French.] 



These biological studies were made in autumn and winter. Ac- 

 cording to the author it is chiefly the eggs, larvae and pupae of Musca 

 domestica that hibernate. The larvae are very resistant to cold. 

 The adults are unable to hibernate in a torpid condition ; they always 

 require water and a temperature above freezing point. For this 

 reason most of them die in winter. 



Knuth (P.), Behn (P.) & ScHULZE (P.). UntersuchuHgen ueber 

 die Piroplasmose der Pferde im Jahre 1917. [Experiments 

 on Equine Piroplasmosis (Biliary Fever) in 1917.] Zeitschr. f. 

 Veterindrk., 1918, no. G, pp. 241-264, 3 plates. (Abstract in 

 Troj}. Vet. Bull, London, viii, no. 1, March 1920, pp. 6-12.) 



These investigations were carried out in the areas occupied by the 

 German troops in Macedonia in 1917 with the object of finding out 

 whether the return of horses affected with piroplasmosis into Germany 

 would constitute a source of danger for the equine population there, 

 inasmuch as the possibility of transmission by the ticks found in 



