194 



Germany had to be reckoned with. Transmission experiments by 

 du Toit with Ixodes ricinus in Berhn point to the improbability that 

 NuttaUia equi can be transmitted by this tick [R.A.E., B, viii, 151]. 



Fifteen species or varieties of ticks belonging to the family Ixodidae 

 were found in Macedonia. Twelve of these were found in the adult 

 stage on horses, viz., Ixodes ricinus, I. hexagonus dardanicus, P. Schulze, 

 Hycdomma aegyptium, L., H. aegyptiuni impressum, Koch, H. scupense, 

 P. Schulze, Hasmaphysalis inermis, Birula, H. cinnaharina punctata, 

 Can. & Fanz., H. otopliila, P. Schulze, Dermacentor reticulatus, ¥., 

 Rhipicepkalus sanguineus, Latr., R. bursa. Can. & Fanz., and Boophilas 

 annulatus, Say. 



The following were found in thenymphal stage on horses : I. ricinus, 

 H. scupense, Haemaphysalis cinnaharina punctata, B. annulatus, 

 D. reticulatus, and R. bursa. No species in the larval stage was 

 found on the horse, but the earlier stages were generally to be found 

 on the smaller animals. 



On horses suffering from piroplasmosis only three species were 

 found, viz., Hyalomma aegyptium, Rhipicephalus bursa, and R. san- 

 guineus. It is improbable that the first-named acts as a vector, but the 

 evidence points to one or perhaps both of the others being incriminated, 

 as another species of the same genus, R. evertsi, Neum., has been 

 proved to transmit NuttaUia in the horse. It is probable that 

 R. bursa, which was found in large numbers in the nymphal stage on 

 the horses, was the species especially responsible. 



Dermacentor reticulatus was only found in the earlier part of the 

 year (up to 4th June) on horses, and only re-appeared in very small 

 numbers in the late autumn. This species has been considered to 

 be the transmitter of Piroplasma {Babesia) caballi in South Russia, 

 and the frequent occurrence of both D. reticulatus and babesiasis 

 in the spring in Macedonia also point to a causal relationship. 



A small quantity of smear preparations and ticks were received 

 from Rumania. Piroplasma caballi was found in one case. Tha 

 ticks were /. ricinus, H. cinnabarina punctata, H. otophila, D. reticidatus, 

 and R. bursa. From reports received it appeared that infection 

 with P. caballi was far more common in Rumania than with NuttaUia 

 equi, but that the total number of cases of piroplasmosis occurring 

 in that country was smaller than in Macedonia. 



RoYER (B. F.) & Emerson (C. A.). Mosquito Eradication in South- 

 eastern Pennsylvania. — Amer. Jl. Public Health, ix, no. 5, 1919. 

 (Abstract in Trop. Dis. Bull, London., xv, no. 2, 14th Februarv 

 1920, p. 157.) 



The operations here described aimed at reclaiming from mosquitos 

 a vast extent of marsh, mostly below high- water mark, along the 

 Delaware River. While drainage work was in progress, a compre- 

 hensive system of oiling was carried out. The result of the operations 

 was that complaints about mosquitos became almost unknown, and 

 large areas are available for cultivation. 



The mosquitos in the district include Anopheles punctipennis 

 and A. quadrimacidatus. The predominant species during early 

 summer was Aedes sylvestris, and after 1st July, Culex pipiens. 



