10 



favourable to iiibernation of the house-fly in any but the adult stage, 

 and then only in places where there is a sufficiently high temperature 

 and where food- conditions are favourable. 



Marchand (W.). An Improved Method of rearing Tabanid Larvae. — 



— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 5, October 1917. 

 pp. 469-472. 



The study of the bionomics of Tabanids is a subject of considerable 

 importance, and for experimental purposes a more practical method of 

 rearing them than the usual one, in which damp sand is employed as 

 the rearing medium, is desirable. The author, while investigating the 

 life-history of these flies, found that the larvae of most of the species 

 do not need earth or sand, which is always troublesome in use, as it 

 hides the larvae from sight and has to be washed away before they can 

 be examined. A convenient method is to use test tubes supplied with 

 a rolled up sheet of filter paper and filled with water to a height of 

 about ^ inch, which will keep the paper moist for a number of days. 

 A piece of cheese-cloth held in place over the open end of the tubes with 

 a rubber band keeps the larvae from escaping. This method is not 

 entirely new, but is recommended when careful observations of a 

 limited number of larvae are desired. It would probably prove useful 

 also for the rearing of larvae of Tipulids, Stratiomyiids, Lampyrids, 

 etc. Some hints are given on the collecting of Tabanid larvae ; the 

 author found an ordinary kitchen sieve, into which lumps of mud and 

 sand are taken from above the water line, but not far from it, gives 

 excellent results. 



BoYNTON (W. H.). A Disease in Cattle in the Philippine Islands 

 similar to Anaplasma marginale, Theiler (1). — Philippine Agric. 

 Review, Manila, 1917, x, no. 2, pp. 119-127. 



This paper discusses three cases of disease in cattle resembling 

 anaplasmosis. There are two forms of Anaplasma : A. margi^mle, to 

 which affected animals frequently succumb, and A. centrale, which 

 does not cause death either by direct inoculation of blood or by tick 

 infestation. An animal inoculated with A. marginale, when recovering 

 from A. centrale infection, develops the disease, but in a much milder 

 form, proving that some protection is afforded thereby, though not 

 complete immunity. 



The incubation period of this disease after tick infection either by 

 Margaropus {Boop/iilus) decoloratus (blue tick), which also transmits 

 Piroplasma (Babesia) higeminmn, or by RhipicepJialus simus (black 

 pitted tick), is rather long, varying from a little under two months 

 to a few days over three months. 



Animals immune to P. higeminum can be infected with anaplasmosis 

 either by means of ticks or blood inoculation, showing that this parasite 

 affords no immunity against anaplasmosis, and also vice versa. 



However, since the further developments of the disease have not 

 been studied, there is a doubt whether, in the three cases mentioned, 

 the animals really suffered from it, or from some other ailment which 

 brought about the formation of anaplasma-like bodies in the red 

 blood cells, especially in view of the fact that such bodies may be 

 produced artificially by the subcutaneous injection of phenylhydrazine, 

 nitro-benzol and pyrogallic acid. 



