25 



some length. The essentials of an effective anti-malarial campaign 

 include the study of meteorological and topographical conditions ; 

 consideration of the species of Anopheles and other mosquitos in the 

 area affected by malaria ; the discovery and eradication of Anopheline 

 breeding areas,' the methods of such eradication being briefly outlined ; 

 the screening of houses and destruction of Anophelines within them ; 

 a campaign against domestic mosquitos, which may be briefly 

 summarised as the abohtion of all stagnant water, and the application 

 of modern methods, by which it is declared possible to effect ten times 

 more improvement in health than has hitherto been the case. 



A well-considered and far-reaching plan for organising all government 

 agencies into a united campaign for the prevention and control of the 

 disease is considered in detail. It is suggested that the question of 

 quinine prophylaxis should be thoroughly reconsidered in view of the 

 conflicting opinions as to its value, the practical use of natural 

 enemies of mosquitos, such as the fish that have been found useful in 

 the West Indies and Hawaii and the possible value of alleged deterrent 

 trees and plants suggest vast possibilities for important scientific 

 research. Statistical considerations are entered into at some length. 

 Malaria eradication is considered as essentiaUy a labour problem of the 

 first importance, as well as being an important factor in mihtary 

 efficiency. 



Foreman (F. W.) & Graham-Smith (G. S.). Investigations on the 

 Prevention of Nuisances arising from Flies and Putrefaction. — 



Jl Hygiene, Cambridge, xvi, no. 2, 31st October 1917, pp. 109-226, 

 4 figs. 



Investigations for the purpose of discovering an easy and practicable 

 means of mitigating the various nuisances arising from exposed animal 

 matter deal, as a preliminary step, with the destruction of adult flies. 

 These may be killed by aUmentary poisons, though they are very 

 resistant to many which are extremely toxic to other animals, such as 

 potassium cyanide. The best results have been obtained by the use of 

 anihne, which is not dangerous to man, while it is cheap and easily 

 obtainable in large quantities and very dilute emulsions of it rapidly 

 kill both eggs and larvae. Since the destruction of adult flies makes 

 httle difference to the general fly population, and since flies are most 

 easily and effectually destroyed in the egg and larval stages, successful 

 treatment hes in attacking these in exposed animal matter, manure, and 

 refuse. In carcases, eggs and larvae may be kifled by watery emulsions 

 or solutions of larvicides, though these soon lose their efficiency in the 

 presence of water, while larvicides of an oily nature retain their potency 

 for long periods and are therefore more suitable. An efficient fluid of 

 the former type is composed of aniline 50 c.c, glacial acetic acid 

 66 c.c, phenol 5 grms., bile 5 c.c, soft soap 20 grms., and water to 

 1,000 c.c, the ox bile being added to promote the spread and 

 penetration of the fluid. Experiment has sho^vn that the best oily 

 larvicide is coal-tar creosote oil, " country make," containing about 

 14 per cent, tar acids, a high flash-point, no unpleasant smell and no 

 undesirable poisonous properties. Treatment with creosote oil, besides 

 being of great practical value, also renders the study of putrefactive 

 processes possible, an accurate knowledge of the factors that govern 



