99 



Though some spiders and dragonflies have been seen devouring 

 tsetse, by far the most important insect enemies are AsiHd flies and 

 wasps of the genus Bemhex, the former preying chiefly on G. tachinoides 

 and the latter on G. suhmorsitans. 



G. tachinoides and G. palpalis agree fairly closely as regards their 

 breeding places, the most common situation being in the decaying 

 humus beneath overhanging trees, where the sun seldom or never 

 penetrates, and the ground is never really dry. The breeding season 

 occurs just after the rains begin and lasts till the end of the rainy season. 

 G. suhmorsitans larviposits in similar situations and on undergrowth. 



The follo\\^ng parasites are recorded from the pupae of G. sub- 

 morsitans : — Chalcis amenocles, Walk, (also bred from G. tachinoides), 

 Dirhinus inflexiis, Waterst., and a Braconid, Coelalysia glossinophaga, 

 Turn. Experiment showed that C. amenocles parasitised the pupae of 

 Sarcophaga much more readily than those of Glossina. As species of 

 Sarcophaga are everywhere abundant round villages and breed 

 prolifically, it should be possible to obtain in a short time large 

 numbers of this Chalcid for distribution. 



G. tachinoides carries Trypanosoma brucei in its natm'al state in 

 W. Africa, horses and cattle being killed by it. A scanty infection 

 of what was apparantly T. pecorum was obtained from the blood of 

 wart-hog. An undoubted infection of T. vivax occurred in a reed-buck. 

 Theileria {Piroplasma) mutans, or a closely allied species, was found 

 in an oribi, while the blood of a haartebeeste contained a parasite 

 resembling T. parva. 



The paper concludes with a list of blood-sucking Arthropods other 

 than Glossina, which is supplementary to that previously published 

 [see this Review, Ser. B, ii, p. 93]. 



Tetley (H.). The Structure of the Mouth-parts of Pangonia longi- 

 rostris in Relation to the probable Feeding-habits of the Species. 

 — Bull. Entom. Research, London, viii, no. 3-4, February 1918. 

 pp. 253-267. 



The genus Pangonia has a wide distribution throughout the world. 

 The precise economic importance of the family Tabanidae, to which 

 it belongs, is not fully understood at present. The trypanosome 

 disease of dromedaries known as salaf is said to be transmitted by 

 Tabanids, especially Pangonia magrettii and P. heckeri, in Italian 

 Somaliland [see also this Review, Ser. B, v, p. 11]. Haematopota has 

 been stated to carry Trypanosoma evansi, causing surra in horses ; 

 and Mitzmain has demonstrated the transmission of this disease by 

 Tabanus striatus, ¥., in the Philippines. In Algeria Sergent has 

 shown that a species of Tabanus can transmit three forms of animal 

 trypanosomiasis, and in Nigeria Chrysops is said to convey Filaria loa. 

 In view of these facts it may prove that the family is of greater 

 economic importance than is at present suspected. 



One of the characteristics of the family Tabanidae is that the 

 males are A\nthout mandibles and do not feed on blood to the same 

 extent as the females, but rather on the nectar of flowers, being 

 provided, especially in the genus Pangonia, with a very long proboscis 

 for the purpose. The possible processes of blood-sucking in the 

 species of Pangonia may thus be summarised :— Either the insect 



