117 



malaria, the species responsible in Macedonia for malaria of a malignant 

 type being Anopheles superpictus and A. pseudopictus, while A. ynacu- 

 lipennis and A. bifurcatus and possibly others also occur. 



The scheme of organisation of the anti-malarial work is outlined. 

 The question of labour for carrying out these measures is a serious 

 problem ; military duties interfere to a large extent in using soldiers, and 

 it is suggested that it would be far preferable to have a permanent 

 squad of skilled anti-malarial workers, to be formed independently and 

 attached for that special purpose. The author considers that for 

 this work native labour has not been sufficiently utilised, nor its 

 value appreciated ; and he points out that at a time when only twelve 

 natives were allotted, after much entreaty, in an urgent period of the 

 malarial season, more than 100 times this number were employed 

 in repairing roads in the same district. 



While the destruction of mosquitos and other malarial measures 

 outside the fighting zone in Macedonia are matters of time, labour and 

 ■expense only, some of the worst mosquito haunts lie within the fighting 

 zone and so camiot be reached. It is thought that more could be done 

 in the matter of choosing favourable sites for troops not actually in 

 the front line, and that it is advisable to keep a proper sense of pro- 

 portion between the importance of malaria prevention and that of 

 military convenience, as apart from military necessity. By obtaining 

 expert medical advice on this question the repayment in improved 

 health might be great, while the expense of laying a pumj) and pipes 

 or the carrying of water by mule labour is obviously less than the 

 unending cost of sick men, their attendants and the reinforcements 

 necessary to take their places. 



The usual methods for destruction of the adult insect and for 

 elimination of the breeding places are described. For killing adults 

 in buildings and dug-outs fumigation is suggested with 1 lb. sulphur 

 to 500 cub. ft. of space, bm'ning of cresol, or spraying with a 1 per cent, 

 solution of formalin. A single fumigation only deals with the insects 

 present and unless doors or openings are screened after fumigation 

 the insects will soon be as numerous as before. Buildings should be 

 searched for adults about once a fortnight throughout the winter. 



Methods for protection of the skin are described and the necessity 

 for nets both for sleeping and for wear after sundown are insisted 

 upon. Individual neglect of such precautions has undoubtedly been 

 responsible for many cases of malaria and should not, in the authors' 

 opinion, be lightly dealt with. A chapter is devoted to quinine 

 prophylaxis, and the work concludes with a number of recommenda- 

 tions by which it is hoped that even more thorough and successful 

 work can be carried out if Macedonia has to be -occupied during another 

 summer. 



€legg (T.). The Influence of Animals upon Sewage Disposal. — 



Lancashire & Cheshire Naturalist, Darwen, x. no. 117, December 

 1917, pp. 271-274. 



The moth-fly, Psychoda sexpunctata, Curt., abounds in sewage 

 works at all seasons, eggs, larvae, pupae, and imagines being present 

 simultaneously in the coke of the filter beds. The larvae feed on a 

 green alga and the jelly-like fungus covering the surface of the coke, 



