119 



brisket, underparts of the neck, flanks and about the eyes. Buffalos,, 

 both domesticated and wild are habitually infested, and man is. 

 occasionally bitten while riding fly-infested horses. 



This pest was probably introduced with stock from the East Indies 

 subsequent to 1824, its present distribution in Australia coinciding 

 fairly well with that of the introduced bufl'alos. 



The eggs are laid singly to the number of 12 to 20 in dung or foul 

 mud, the larvae, which emerge in 18 to 20 hours, burrowing into the 

 dung, where they pupate after 3 or 4 days. The adults appear after 

 a pupal period of 3 to 5 days, and seek their hosts, resting during the 

 heat of the day and at night upon the flanks and withers of horses, 

 and about the horns of cattle. 



Natural enemies of the fly are few, insect predators being chiefly 

 certain species of ants that gather the eggs for food, especially Solenopsis- 

 geminata, F., var. rufa, Sud., Iridomyrmex delectus, Smith, and Odon- 

 tomachus ruficeps, Sm., var. acutidens, Forel. A more important, 

 enemy is a small Hymenopteron, Sericophorus relucens, Sm., which 

 captures the flies while feeding or at rest. 



Artificial control over the immense and thinly-populated grazing 

 areas would be obviously impracticable, but the frequent removal 

 of manure from milking-pens and cow-yards would prevent these- 

 places acting as sources of infestation. 



Chambers (F.). Note on the Transmission of Animal Trypanosomiasis 

 in Northern Rhodesia by Blood-sucking Flies other than Glossina. 

 — Trop. Vet. Bull., London, v, no. 4, p. 222. [Abstract from Vet. 

 Review, i, no. 3, August 1917, pp. 222-227.] 



This note summarises the observations and experiments of a number- 

 of authors who have reported the occurrence of trypanosomiasis in- 

 Northern Rhodesia and adjoining territories definitely known to be 

 free from tsetse-flies. The author places no observations of his own 

 on record. 



In 1908 a chronic disease made its appearance amongst cattle 

 grazing on the northern banks of the Zambesi ; the disease was con- 

 fined to an area extending from Livingstone to Sesheke. A detailed 

 reference is made to G. E. Owen's manuscript report (1912-1913) 

 showing that the disease was caused by a trypanosome believed to be 

 of the dimorjjhon type. Owen regarded the disease as being trans- 

 mitted mechanically by means of Tabanidae. Kinghorn and Yorke 

 (1912) recorded a case of trypanosomiasis of a cow in a locality in 

 North-Eastern Rhodesia where no tsetse-flies were found, but 

 Stomoxys and Tabanidae were common. Hart (1911) similarly 

 observed cattle aflected with trypanosomiasis on a tsetse-free farm 

 in the same district ; Panyonia and Stomoxys nigra were shown to 

 be possible transmitters. Montgomery and Kinghorn (1907) suggested 

 that Stomoxys calcitrans and Lyperosia were capable of acting as 

 carriers. Failure to effect cyclical transmission by means of 

 Tabanidae and ticks was demonstrated by Kinghorn and Yorke (1906) 

 in the case of Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Reference is also made to 

 the failure to transmit T. gambiense by means of Stomoxys nigra and 

 S. calcitrans by Duke (1913). 



