123 



season among town residents ; this commences towards the end of 

 May and lasts until about mid-August. Again at the close of the 

 year there is an outbreak, lasting perhaps through January to February. 

 These periods correspond to the two annual invasions of the town by 

 Anophelines, following upon the rainy seasons. Anopheles costalis is 

 the common malaria-carrier. The usual preventive measures are 

 recommended, and include improvements in drainage and irrigation 

 supply, the clearing of all heavy-foliaged trees and scrub, under- 

 growth, etc., in gardens. The necessity for anti-mosquito measures 

 being undertaken during the first three months of each year, before 

 the rains begin, is insisted upon. Various improvements in town 

 sanitation, w^ater supply and disposal of refuse are suggested as 

 necessary measures in the reduction of this largely preventable 

 disease. 



Aders (W. M.). Veterinary Division Report for 1916. — Zanzibar 

 Protectorate Ann. Rept. Pub. Health Dept. for 1916, Zanzibar, 

 1917, pp. 26-31. 



The usual number of animals infected with trypanosomiasis and 

 African Coast fever have occurred during the year. In several 

 instances apparently healthy cattle were found to harbour trypano- 

 somes in their blood, the local form being included in the T. pecorum 

 group. The author is of opinion that this trypanosome is carried by 

 Tabanids and not by Stomoxys ; no species of Glossina occurs. It is 

 hoped that next year the geographical distribution of the disease will 

 be studied in those out-districts where Tabanids are abundant. 



Aders (W. M. ). Economic Biology. Entomology in Relation to Public 

 Health and Preventive Medicine and Veterinary Science. — Zanzibar 



Protectorate Ann. Rept. Pub. Health Dept. for 1916, Zanzibar, 1917, 

 pp. 32-37. 



During the year one Anophleine new to Zanzibar was captured, 

 namely, Anopheles squamosus. Adults have not been taken in the town, 

 nor were any of those captured engorged with blood. The AnopheUne 

 fauna of Zanzibar now includes A. costalis, A. funestus, which is a 

 dominant species in certain localities and may prove to be a more 

 important carrier of malaria than A. costalis, A. mauritianus and 

 A. squamosus. 



Other mosquitos taken and identified during the year include Culex 

 perfuscus, Edw., C. insignis. Cart., C. tritaeniorhynchus, Giles, 

 Ochlerotatus fulgens, Edw., 0. adersi, Edw., Emnelanomyia incon- 

 spicuosa, Theo., Stegomyia metallica, Theo., S. simpsoni, Theo., and 

 Eretmopodites chrysogaster var. subsimplicipes, Edw. 



C. fafigans occurs in enormous numbers in cesspools, being 

 particularly prevalent" in old Arab towns. This species is the vector 

 of Microfilaria bancrofti, and, filariasis being on the increase, the 

 extermination of C. fatigans is a matter of great urgency. Stegomyia 

 fasciata is ubiquitous and abundant, and this species has shown 

 thoracic, but not proboscis infection with M. bancrofti. Ochlerotatus 

 pembaensis seems to be confined to the sea littoral ; a number were 

 dissected and examined for microfilariae with negative results. Tests 

 were made to determine the effect of the poisonous leaves of the shrub 



