11 



presence of typical palmate hairs. Tlie adult is separable from 

 A. umbrosus by its smaller size, relatively shorter hind legs, and 

 more slender palps. The genitalia of the two species are identical. 



NoLLER (W.). Die Uebertragung des Trypanosoma iJieileri, Laveran, 

 1902. [The Transmission of Tnjpanosoma tJieileri, JjB.Ycmn, 1902. J 

 —Berliner Tierdrztl. Wochenschr., Berlin, xxxii, no. 39, 28th 

 September 1916, pp. 457-460. 

 The innocuous and easily bred Trypanosoma theileri probably occurs 

 wherever domestic cattle are found and also among wild ruminants, 

 such as antelopes. Its various forms have received different names. 

 Knuth and Rauchbaar found flagellates in German Tabanidae 

 (Tabanus SIX ? and Haematopotaplurialis, L.), but could not prove their 

 connection with this trypanosome. In 1903 Theiler considered the 

 transmission of T. theileri to have been effected in South Africa by the 

 Hippoboscids, Hippobosca rufipes, Olf., and H. maculala, Leach, but 

 this cannot be held to be conclusive, as the possibility of transmission 

 bv other carriers, such as Tabanids and Stomoxys was not excluded. 

 The scarcity of Hippoboscids on German cattle show that these flies 

 camiot play an important role. It is far more probable that Tabanids 

 are involved, as they harbour many flagellates. From available data 

 the following list of* Tabanids in Avhich flagellates have been recorded 

 has been compiled : — Tabanus tergestinns and T. glaucopis in southern 

 France ; T. socixs, T. par, T. ditaeniatus, T. fasciatus, T. africnnus, 

 T. grains and T. virgatus in Egypt ; T. hilarius and Tabanus sp. in 

 India ; T. secedens and T. thomcimis in East Africa ; T. testaceo- 

 maculatus in Chili ; T. congolensis and T. taeniola in the Island of 

 Principe. To these the author adds T. bovinus in Poland, and 

 T. bromius in Brandenburg. Other records include Pangonia 

 infusca and P. neavei in the Congo ; P. ausfralis in Chili ; 

 Haematopota italica in southern France ; H. jylnviaJis in Germany ; 

 H. duttoni and H. vandenbrandeni in the Congo. All those observers 

 of Tabanid flagellates who have studied the site where the flagellates 

 occur in the bodies of the flies state this to be the walls of the hind-gut, 

 though Bruce occasionally observed them in the fore-gut. The 

 author's observations only relate to flagellates attached to the hind-gut, 

 and the dissected Tabanids showed none in their stomachs, indicating 

 that the infections were not recent ones. All observations relate to 

 flagellates from the blood-sucking females, which attack cattle and 

 horses by preference. Only a small percentage of these females are 

 infected, and in wet, cold years the infection is absent in localities where 

 it had previously occurred. In cattle-breeding districts the flagel- 

 lates are common in Tabanids during hot summers. These obser- 

 vations pointed to a connection between the Tabanid flagellates and 

 T. theileri. Among the ways in Avhich the exact experimental proof 

 of such connection could be" reached was the one provided by the size 

 and the characteristic shape of the giant culture forms of T. theileri. 

 A full account is given of the experiment, which proved that the 

 flagellates from Tabamis glamopis, Meig., are the developmental stage 

 of T. theileri. It. is thought probable that other Tabanid flagellates 

 also represent the developmental stage of this trypanosome. This 

 experiment further proves that the transmission is not a simple 

 mechanical one. A bibliography of 14 works closes this paper. 



