30 



flies, when given sufficient food and not subjected to fatal tempera- 

 tures, nor killed by Emjpusa muscae, or predators, show increased 

 longevity in indirect proportion to decreases in temperature. Adults 

 exhibit a tendency to seek temperatures above 60° F., thus reducing 

 the length of life below 91 days, which was the duration obtained under 

 the most favourable conditions. If prevented from reaching a warmer 

 temperature than 45° F., and the humidity is normal, the adults 

 become inactive. M. domestica does not oviposit at low tem- 

 peratures, and it seems to be chiefly the sexually mature and 

 fertilised flies which are thus prevented from ovipositing that 

 develop the fungus, Emqmsa muscae. Pupae kept at a temperature 

 .above 43° F. produced adults in about 12 hours, but below this tem- 

 perature no emergence was observed. Development was rapid in a 

 cage supphed with fresh manure during November to January, and 

 adult flies emerged continuously, but on discontinumg the supply of 

 fresh manure the heat generated decreased and emergence ceased on 

 30th January. With the decrease of the flies, the predaceous 

 Scatophaga furcata emerged in the cage in increasing numbers and 

 undoubtedly preys upon the adult flies. The larvae were found to be 

 capable of burrowing into sandy loam to a depth of 2 feet. Numbers 

 •of pupae near the surface of the soil receive sufficient heat to permit 

 of emergence of the adults, but these usually succumb to cold before 

 •ovipositing. Larval migration as far as eight feet has been observed. 

 Larvae and pupae which hibernated in a naturally accumulated and 

 infested manm-e heap, exhibited the same results as in the cage 

 experiments. 



A bibliography of five works is given. 



Jackson (Major R.W.H.). Administrative Control of Plague.— JL 



State Med., London, xxiv, no. 9, September 1916, pp. 277-284. 



This paper deals briefly with the etiology and prophylaxis of plague. 

 To destroy fleas in human habitations the floors and walls should be 

 thoroughly washed with a crude oil emulsion made according to the 

 formula of Captain Burke, R.A.M.C, consisting of crude oil 80 per cent., 

 with 20 per cent, whale-oil soap. It is a jelly mixing freely with water, 

 and is commonly used in a 3 per cent, solution. At 10 per cent, strength 

 it destroys fleas in any stage with certainty. The emulsion is cheap, 

 can be applied with perfect safety, and can afterwards be washed out 

 ■oi the floor with water. With one gallon of the solution a room 

 12 ft. by 12 ft. can be thoroughly treated in five minutes. 



Braixn (— ). Le paludisme au Maroc en 1915 (Maroe occidental). 

 [Malaria in Morocco in 1915 (Western Morocco).]— .4rcA. Med. 

 Pharm. Militaire, Paris, Ixvi, no. 5, November 1916, pp. 593-645, 

 5 figs., 2 sketch maps. 



In this report on malaria in western Morocco in 1915 it is stated that 

 representatives of the genus Cidex constitute the majority of the 

 mosquitos there, Ano-pheles and Stegomyia being present in smaller 

 numbers. At Mazagan, Stegomyia was the only mosquito observed and 

 there is no indigenous malaria in that harbour. At Cap Blanc, which 

 is 9 miles away and in an extremely marshy region, practically only 

 Anopheles occur. 



