40 



Tabanus secedens showed Herpetomonads in the intestinal tract. Of 

 112 Culiciomyia nehuhsa, spirochaetes were found in the stomach 

 of three, Herpetomonads in the stomach of three, and filaria in the 

 thoracic muscles of one. Of 31 OcJilerotatus nigricephahs, Herpeto- 

 monads were found in the stomach of one. Of 27 Anopheles costalis, 

 only one showed malarial infection, and one harboured filaria in the 

 thoracic muscles. Of 23 Mansonioides africanus dissected, spiro- 

 chaetes were found in the stomach of one, while of 22 Ochlerotatus 

 irrit<i.ns, one also was infected with spirochaetes. Only one Tabanus 

 secedens out of five examined showed Herpetomonads. Examinations 

 of Culiciomyia nebulosa disclosed the presence of avian blood in 27 

 cases and mammalian in only two. 



Trypanosomiasis was found in 17 cases among natives in Lagos. 

 Cattle and horses were found infested to the extent of 29 '1 per cent., 

 chiefly with Trypanosoma vivax and T. pecaudi. One goat out of 

 66 was infected with a parasite resembling T. vivax, one sheep out 

 of 44 with T. vivax, three pigs out of 28 with trypanosomes resembhng 

 T. pecormn, two dogs out of 21 with T. pecaudi, and two out of four 

 horses with T. vivax. 



A table is given showing the distribution in time of various 

 mosquitos throughout the year. 



Freeborn (S. B.). Rice, Mosquitoes and Malaria. — Mthly. Bull. Cat. 

 State Bd. Health, Sacramento, xii, no. 5, November 1916, pp. 

 247-252, 2 figs. [Received 11th January 1917.] 



The optimum conditions for the production of rice and for the 

 breeding of Anopheline mosquitos are, unfortunately, identical. The 

 rice-fields necessitate flooding mth water, which remains practically stag- 

 nant from June to October, and the remarkable development of rice 

 cultivation in California has increased the cases of malaria and the 

 number of mosquitos in almost direct proportion to the growth of 

 the industry. In some districts legislation is in force authorising 

 the taxation of landowners for the purpose of mosquito control. 

 The solution of the problem depends on the elimination of all breeding 

 places outside the rice-fields both before, during and after flooding 

 of the fields, with quinine prophylaxis and careful screening until 

 the mosquitos are under control. 



y Kennedy (C. H.). A Possible Enemy of the Mosquito.— JMZ^. Bull. 

 Gal. State Bd. Health, Sacramento, xii, no. 5, November 1916, 

 pp. 256-259, 4 figs. [Reprint from California Fish and Game, 

 October 1916.] [Received 11th January 1917.] 



Cyprinodon macularius, a small minnow abundant in shallow pools 

 and ditches in Cahfornia, may prove useful in the control of 

 mosquitos, its food being minute aquatic insects and Dipterous 

 larvae, especially of Chironomids. At the time of the author's 

 investigations, it was too late in the season for mosquitos to be 

 present. Minnows of other species have been introduced wath 

 considerable success into Hawaii to combat mosquitos. 



