42 



Galli-Valerio (B.). Neue Beitrage zur Biologie und zur Bekampfung 

 der Lause. [New Contributions to the Biology and Control of 

 Lice.] — Centralbl. Bakt., Parasit. u. Infeklionskr ., Ite Abt. Orig., 

 Jena, Ixxviii, no. 1, 9tli May 1916, pp.37-4:3. 



Observations on Pediculus capitis (cervicalis) show that tbese lice 

 bite various animals as well as man. They resist hunger better at low 

 temperatures than at high ones and can travel considerable distances, 

 one individual covering 37 inches in 40 minutes. The view that lice 

 may be transported on flies was confirmed by experiment. They 

 are very resistant to pressure, water, frost and various chemicals, 

 but are extremely sensitive to hot air, steam and boiling water. Hot 

 air at 122°-126° F. killed them in 5-15 minutes, and at 131°-132° F. 

 in five minutes. Steam (212° F.) killed them in 2-5 minutes, and 

 boihng water in one minute. 



*^' Galli-Valerio (B.). Beobachtungen uber Culiciden. [Observations 

 on CuLiciDAE.] — Centralbl. f. Bakt., Parasit. u. Infektionskr. Ite 

 Abt. Orig., Jena, kxviii, no. 2, 30th June 1916, pp. 90-96, 1 fig. 



Some observations on Culicidae made during a complete year at Vidy 

 (Lausanne), on the Lake of Geneva, are described. On 8th November 



1914, very small larvae of Culex and of Anopheles bifurcatns, a large 

 larva of A. maculipennis and a pupa of Theobaldia annulata were 

 found. The fully developed larvae of T. annulata were numerous 

 throughout the winter. In December the Culicine larvae left the 

 edges of the pools for the deep water, where they passed the winter 

 under a sheet of ice nearly three inches thick. On 8th May 1915, 

 the first eggs of C. pipiens, a pupa of A. bifurcatus and a large l^arva 

 of A. tnac'ulipentiis were noticed. Larvae and pupae of (7. pipiens, 

 T. anmUata, A. bifurcatus and A. maculipennis were abundant from 

 June to the end of September. On 4th July a new emergence of 

 Culex and Anopheles larvae was observed, emergences of C. pipiens 

 occurring on 24th July and 9th September. On 16th September 

 very small larvae of A. bifurcatus were fomid. It would, therefore, 

 appear that in 1915 the Culicines oviposited four times, and the 

 Anophelines three times, at Vidy. At Sondrio (Valtellina) larvae of 

 A. bifurcatus w^ere observed on 26th December 1914, and in spite 

 of the very cold winter they lived until the spring. On 24th March 



1915, larvae of this species were again noticed, and when they were 

 brought indoors they pupated on 28th March, adults emerging on 

 the 5th and 6th April. 



At Vidy, the water weed, Lemna palustris, plays an important 

 role in checking the development of Culicidae. The larvae of 

 C. orndta and A. nigri])es, taken from tree-holes, developed better in 

 dark-yellow glass than in white glass containers. By night mosquitos 

 seem to be attracted, not by the colour of lights but by its strength : 

 in the author's experiments the adults of C. j^^'piens always gathered 

 on those panes of glass which were most powerfully illuminated. 

 By day, however, they were attracted to the dark panes, as recorded 

 by other observers in the case of coloured cloth and paper. It 

 therefore seems advisable to use dark lamp-shades in mosquito- 

 infested districts. The author's experiments do not confirm the 



