63 



more fluid by heat, and the sulphur is then added while constantly 

 stirring. Before using this paste, the horse's body must be clipped all 

 over and the skin washed with warm water containing black soap, and 

 dried with a piece of hot iron or a bunch of straw. Two or three 

 treatments are given ; in each case one side of the body is treated 

 first and the other side two days later. 



Another mixture consists of If lb. titrated extract of nicotine to 

 2 oz. soda crystals and 31 gals, water. The advantage of this treat- 

 ment is that no preliminary clipping is required. One side of the body 

 should be treated only at first and the other side on the following day. 

 Four or five applications should be made at four or five days' interval. 



Both of these measures should be followed by disinfection of stables, 

 harness, implements, etc. 



( QuiROS (D.). Biologia de la Nigua. [Biology of the Chigger. ]—Anales 

 Hospital de San Jose, San Jose, Costa Rica, ii, no. 1, 1st November 

 1916, 17 pp. 4 figs. 



This paper gives an account of the bionomics of the chigger, Dermato- 

 fhilus penetrans, L., which chiefly infests domestic pigs in Costa Kica. 

 When these are driven through the streets, they infest the soil in 

 them, the chief human victims being the bare-footed boys who play 

 there. The sores are stated to afford an entrance for the tetanus 

 bacillus, and during the past four years 1,147 deaths from tetanus 

 are said to have occurred in the Republic. Gas gangrene is also trans- 

 mitted occasionallv and the deaths of two Europeans are definitely 

 stated to be due to this. Where the fleas are too numerous to be 

 removed with a needle, the following ointment is advised : Salicylic 

 acid, 2-50 grm., icthyol, lOgrms., yellow vaseline, 10 grms. Local 

 baths of petroleum are also useful, but tincture of iodine is not recom- 

 mended. The best prophylactic measure would be to prohibit infested 

 pigs being brought through the streets, together with regulations for 

 treating the animals in the piggeries. 



/ Di Pace (I.). A proposito della Malaria da Sterri. Problemi di Mala- 

 riologia. [Malaria due to Excavations and other Earth-works. 

 Problems of Malariology.] —La Mahriologia, Naphs, Series i, 

 9th year (Series ii, 2nd year), nos. 1-6, January-December 1916, 

 pp. 23-37, 57-63, 81-91, 103-115, 134-141, 171-180. 



This paper deals with the connection between outbreaks of malaria 

 and excavations of the soil and'^contains over 60 bibliographical 

 references. A number of instances, ranging from engineering works 

 in the time of the Pharaohs in Egypt to building operations in Messina 

 in 1912, are enumerated. In cities it sometimes happens that small 

 foci of malarial infection occur near minor excavations, and it was 

 on this that Baccelli based one of his objections to the exclusively 

 mosquito-malaria doctrine. The author records his own observations 

 made during four years in Apulia. With regard to the decrease or 

 disappearance of malaria in districts reclaimed for cultivation, he 

 believes that this condition brings about changes in the malarial germ, 

 in the food of Anophelines and in their resistance to infection owing to 

 change of food. In Holland, Schoo observed that mosquitos fed on 

 acid fruits were not infected, and in Italy Celli has recorded that 



