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a period of inertia, during which their reproduction and development 

 is certainly retarded, and their presence difficult of detection owing 

 to their having sought cover in the more sheltered parts of the horses 

 body, such as the base of the ears, inside the thighs, etc. Thus the 

 horse returning from a period of cure in the open air may exhibit an 

 apparently healthy condition, while close examination reveals the 

 presence of the parasites, which are only awaiting more favourable 

 conditions to recommence their activity. The risk of turning horses 

 out in cold winter weather should also be taken into consideration, 

 and the author queries whether the resistance of the host to such 

 conditions may not be less than that of the parasite. Mange has been 

 known to spread among horses which had hitherto been immune 

 owing to the introduction among them of a few individuals that had 



111 



been passed as completely cured. In the depot referred to, the only 

 safe method was found to be one stable for convalescent animals and 

 another for those available for service. In the first the animals were 

 kept for some 15 or 20 days, subject to frequent inspection, which 

 often revealed the beginning of a fresh outbreak, which was thus 

 checked at its commencement ; in the second, frequent inspections 

 were made up to the date of departure, while the greatest prophylactic 

 precautions were taken with regard to harness and utensils. 



Phalen (Major J. M., U.S. Army). U.S. Army Methods of Disposal of 

 Camp Refuse. — Amer. Jl. Public Health, Concord, N.H., vii,no. 5, 

 May 1917, pp. 481-484. 



The destruction of kitchen refuse by burning is the only practical 

 method for a camp of anything but the shortest duration. An in- 

 cinerator may be built by excavating a quadrangle or oval about 

 6 feet by 3 feet and preferably about 4 feet deep. This is filled loosely 

 with large stones, broken bricks or other heat-conserving material. 

 The earth from the pit is banked along the sides about a foot high and 

 this sloping bank is lined with stones, the ends being left without 

 banlfing in order to increase draught. Upon this incinerator a wood 

 fire is kept burning and all the kitchen and camp area refuse is dumped 

 on the hot stones. If poured slowly, most of the liquid will rapidly 

 evaporate, the remainder being absorbed into the ground. A refuse 

 dump is required for the ultimate disposal of the incinerator refuse 

 and if it is kept levelled an average of thirty waggon-loads a day for 

 twenty months can be dumped on an area of one acre. 



Manure should be daily removed from the picket lines and either 

 disposed of to farmers or burnt, for the use of chemicals is impracticable 

 for large quantities. In a camp containing about 4,500 animals, 

 furnishing about 100 waggon loads of manure daily, the following 

 method was successful : — On a dump, 1,000 yards long by 80 yards 

 wide, winrows of manure running widthwise were made by dumping 

 from the tail of the waggon as it was gradually moved across the area. 

 They were about 1| feet high and of the width between the waggon 

 wheels. The manure was dumped early in the forenoon and allowed 

 to get surface dry. Then six labourers sprinkled the windward side 

 of the winrows with crude oil, set them alight and kept turning the 

 manure over to ensure combustion. From three to five barrels of oil 

 a day were required, depending on the amount of wind blowing. This 



