167 



everywhere abundant throughout the season over which infection 

 extends, but it is by no means necessary to infer that the power of 

 mechanical transmission is confined to one species or family. 



These agents have not however resulted in the establishment of 

 trypanosomiasis in areas away from the fly-belts and in no instance 

 as yet recorded in Southern Khodesia can Glossina be definitely 

 disassociated from the inception of an outbreak. The whole question 

 is one that calls for careful experiment and investigation. 



Ingram (A.) & Scott Macfie (J. W.). Notes on some Distinctive 



Points in the Pupae of West African Mosquitos.— £mW. Entom. 



Research, London, viii, no. 1, August 1917, pp. 73-91, 16 figs. 



This paper deals with a scheme of classification of mosquitos based 



upon the characters of the pupal paddles and their appendages. Keys 



to the pupal characters of certain species of Stegomyia, OcMero- 



talus, A'edomyia, Culex, Cyathomyia, Eumelanotnyia, Mimomyia and 



Chaohorus are given ; the pupa of Anopheles marshalli is described 



for the first time, further details being given of those of A. pharoensis 



and A. mauritianus, which are compared with the pupae of A. costalis 



and A. funestus. 



Garman (H.). a Few Notes from Kentucky.— JL Econ. Entom., 

 Concord, N.H., x, no. 4, August 1917, pp. 413-415. 

 Sinmlium ptecuarum (buffalo gnat) was abundant for a day or two 

 in one county in Western Kentucky, some mules being actually killed 

 by it. Examination showed that the locality where it appeared was 

 entirely unsuited to the breeding of the insect ; the streams were 

 small and were said to dry up completely in the summer. Some 

 farmers were of opinion that the insects came from a distance on a 

 cold west wind. Pupae w^ere, however, collected at the time in a 

 willow on the edge of a creek which were apparently those of a species 

 allied to S. venustum. There is evidently much to be learnt about the 

 life-history and habits of this flv. 



Herms (W. B.). Contribution to the Life-history and Habits of the 

 Spinose Ear Tick, Ornithodarus megnini. — Jl. Econ. Entom., 

 Concord, N.H., x, no. 4, August 1917, pp. 407-411. 



OrnitJiodorus megnini is a serious pest of cattle in California, where 

 almost all warm-blooded animals are liable to attack, calves suffering 

 the most severely and frequently dying from the effects. The 

 experience is recorded of a man whose ear was entered by a tick while 

 sleeping on the ground in the vicinity of cattle during the month of 

 Septeniber. The tick lived in the ear until 9th December, causing 

 much inconvenience, and was finally expelled by a strong dose of 

 peroxide applied with a syringe. This individual in all probability 

 entered the ear as a larva ; when it emerged nine weeks later, it 

 was a full-grown female. It remained alive for nearly a year without 

 food. Experiments showed that oviposition and emergence of larvae 

 may take place during the winter months under laboratory conditions. 

 Under field conditions tliis occurs during the summer and autumn 

 months. Tables are given recording the various stages in the 

 life-history ; the average length of the larval period was 44 days. 



