187 



Mosquitos and Malaria.— ^e^6omc 3Iag. & Nature Notes, London, 

 xxviii, no. 334, Oct. 1917, p. 116. 



Owing to the outbreak of malaria among troops in England, the 

 Local Government Board has set on foot an enquiry as to the prevalence 

 in this country of the three species of Anopheles found here, one of 

 which, A. maculvpennis, transmits malaria. Records are wanted of 

 the occurrence of both adult and larval insects, as well as notes of the 

 date of capture, time of day, locality and nature of habitat. 



Baker (A. W.). Preliminary Notes on the Use of Repellents for Horn 

 Flies and Stable Flies on Cattle.— 4'M Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. 

 Ontario for 1916, Toronto, 1917, pp. 52-56. [Received 12th 

 October 1917.] 



Experiments were conducted with a view to securing, if possible, a 

 fly repellent that could be prepared cheaply by the farmer; that would 

 be effective for at least two days and that would not taint the millc, 

 blister the animal or make the coat unsightly. In the course of the 

 investigation four commercial and ten home-made repellents were 

 tested, it being found that, when cattle were thoroughly sprayed, the 

 cost of all the commercial repellents was excessive. Milk emulsion 

 could not be used as a practical repellent in itself, but could be made a 

 medium for the appHcation of some substance with a stronger repellent 

 action. After several trials the following mixture gave good results 

 in the proportion of 1 to 2, 1 to 3, and 1 to 4 of water, and therefore 

 can be recommended as having a decided practical value : 1 gal. 

 fish-oil, 1 gal. kerosene, 1 gal. slightly sour milk, 6 oz. oil of citronella. 

 If spraying were continued throughout the whole season with the one 

 mixture, one apphcation every two, or even three days would be 

 sufficient, and probably the strength of the spray could be reduced. 

 The cost of thoroughly spraying each animal from horns to hoofs 

 works out at about one farthing. 



Howard (L. 0.). The Relation of Insects to Disease in Man and 

 Ammals.— 47th Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1916, Toronto, 

 1917, pp. 57-62. [Received 12th October 1917.] 



The author briefly reviews the part played by insects as simple 

 carriers of disease, as direct inoculators of disease, and as the essential 

 hosts of pathogenic organisms. To this last class belong the malarial 

 mosquitos, the yellow fever mosquito, and the rapidly increasing 

 number of species that carry trypanosomiases, leishmaniases, spiro- 

 chaetoses, the ticks that carry relapsing fevers and other fevers of 

 man and animals, and the lice that carry typhus fever. Direct 

 inoculators of disease are biting insects that carry anthrax, surra, and 

 nagana in cattle. The house-fly is the most notable example of an 

 insect that functions as a simple carrier of disease. 



The Cause of Typhus Fever. — Bni. Med. Jl., LondoH,'[no. 2963, 

 13th October 1917, p. 491. 



Professor Kenzo Futaki, of Tokyo, since April 1917, has found a 

 spirochaete, Spirochaeta exanthematotyphi, in sections taken from the 



