40 



Galli-Valekio (13.) & EociiAz de Jokgii (J.). Beobachtuiigen 

 iiber Culiciden. [Observatious on Culicidae.] — Centmlhlt. 

 Bald. Fanisit. Sf Infect. Krank,, Ixvii,, lieft G, Jan. 1913, 

 pp. 472-478, o figs. 



77/ e hihernation of Culicidae. — Larvae were observed to 

 emerge from the eggs of Ochlerotatus {Culex) nemorosus, Mg., 

 and Anopheles hifurcatus, L., from 15tli-30th Oct., and numbers 

 of CuJex larvae were found on 26tli Nov. in excavations in the 

 soil filled with leaves and containing water. In tlie winter of 

 1911-12 these were so numerous that as many as 25 were taken 

 from a single small puddle. The Culex larvae did not begin to 

 grow till January and the Anopheles not till March. The first 

 larvae of O. nemorosus and Mochlonyx [Corethra) velutinus 

 which had wintered in dead leaves were taken on 13th Jan. 

 Large quantities of larvae of A. hifurcatus ^vere taken in puddles 

 near Sondrio, Northern Italy, on 23rd March, producing chiefly 

 males in the laboratory. Larvae of Anopheles niaculvpennis, 

 Mg., were first taken near Sondrio in quantity on 23rd July. The 

 imagos of C. pipiens, L., wintered in 1912 in the cellars in Orbe, 

 but were not so numerous as in the winter of 1910-11. 



Notes on breeding places. — In some puddles great quantities of 

 eggs of C. pijnens were found on 28th March, generally laid on 

 decaying leaves ; as many as 350 egg-rafts were found in one pool 

 barely a yard across and 30 more were taken from the same pool 

 the next day. These eggs produced larvae in the laboratory on 

 29th and 30th March, pupae on 25th May, and 3 or 4 days later 

 imagos of C. pipiens. Larvae of Ochlerotatns (Culicada) ornatus, 

 Mg., were found in the stem of a horse chestnut {Aesculus hippo- 

 castanum) on 22nd July and at the foot of a white fir (Abies 

 pectinata) in a hole full of moss and containing little water. On 

 21st April a quantity of Cnlex larvae were found in an enamelled 

 iron pot which had been thrown away. On a pasture 3,400 feet 

 above the sea a pool caused by water from the roof of a hut and 

 prevented from rimning away by a manure heap, contained many 

 thousand larvae and pupae; at 5,000 feet a pool of a similar 

 character contained innumerable larvae of O. nemorosus, and in 

 another pool at 6,000 feet large numbers were again found, while 

 at various heights even the hoof-marks of cattle contained larvae. 



The authors for tlie second time report the finding of great 

 quantities of larvae of C. pipiens and a few of A. maculipennis in 

 a tub which had contained bouillie-bordelaise ; all were dead. 

 Lemna palustris when growing freely and covering the surface 

 of the water in ditches, etc., appears to interfere with the life of 

 Culicid larvae and pupae. 



• The biting of mosquitos. — The authors observed that C. pipiens 

 and A. bifurcatus bit in houses on 2nd May, O. nemorosus in the 

 woods' on 12th May, and in 1912 in the mountains, at a height of 

 nearly G, 000 feet; in bright sunlight on 18th Aug. it Was very 

 troublesome. One of the authors was bitten in a railway carriage 

 on the evening of 22nd June 1912 by a male of Theobaldid 

 annulata, Schr. ; the bite was painful. 



