85 



puppies. Tlie fly iniisauce in liomesteads and kraals is said to 

 abate as a result of dipping*. 



The article concludes with quotations from letters from various 

 farmers, all of whom strongly advocate systematic and frequent 

 dipping- as the result of practical experience of its value. 



Herrick {G. AV.). Some External Insect Parasites of Domestic 

 Fowls. — Journal of Economic Entoniologij, vi, no. 1. Feb. 

 1913, pp. 81-84. 



According- to the different authorities on Mallophaga there are 

 at least 8 species infesting- the domestic fowl, 4 or 5 the goose, 

 3 or 4 the turkey, 4 the duck, 4 the pea fowl, 3 the guinea-fowl, 

 and 7 the pigeon. In addition to the Mallophaga there are in 

 America at least eighteen species of mites parasitic on the 

 domestic fowl, two species of fleas, one fowl bug, one tick, and 

 possibly one fly. 



Both by their movements and by constantly biting the skin 

 the lice cause serious irritation that eventually weakens the host 

 and gives a chance for various maladies to get a hold upon it. 

 This is especially true of chicks, whose growth is greatly checked 

 if the lice are abundant; diarrhoea follows and a general 

 weakened condition may result. 



In addition to the Mallophagan parasites the fowl flea (Ceroto- 

 'phyllus galUnae) has been found in America. In the spring of 

 1912 specimens were received from Abington, Mass. They were 

 taken from the inside walls of a poultry house and not collected 

 directly from the fowls; probably the fleas had been imported 

 from California. 



Enslin (B. S. L.). Scab in Sheep and Goats. Dipping and 

 Dipping Materials. — Agric. J I. Union of Souf/i Africa, 

 V, no. 3, March 1913, pp. 392-399. 



The author points out that many farmers who have had no 

 scab amongst their flocks for years are diflicult to convince of 

 the necessity of continued dipping and object to the expense of 

 constructing tanks. They fail to recognise that dipping is not 

 only a remedy for scab, but also keeps down lice and ticks which 

 do serious damage. He insists that the farmer should realise 

 that by dipping is meant the total submersion of each animal and 

 its retention in the fluid for a period of two minutes during each 

 of the two dippings required by law, and that the hand dipping 

 in which so many farmers persist cannot be regarded as sutflcient. 

 He quotes Bulletin No. 7, 1912, of the Department of Agriculture, 

 which contains full directions for the construction of tanks and 

 the dipping of the sheep. A circular tank is recommended 

 because {a) it is cheaper, {h) there is a greater economy of dipping 

 material, and (c) it gives better results with less labour. The 

 sheep can be kept swimming during the whole period of immer- 

 sion, and when swimming the fleece is opened and the dip has a 

 better chance of penetrating to the skin. The long narrow tank 



