98 



tlie breeding of Stomo.rys. A mixture of fish oil, oil of tar and 

 of pennyroyal, witli a little kerosene, proved the most efficacious 

 ajjplicatiou to keep the flies oif stock. Deep narrow trenches, the 

 sides of which are oiled with petroleum, otter protection to hogs 

 and sheep. The screening of barns is a good preventive measure. 



Giios.sBECK (J. A.). The relation of Mosquitoes to their environ- 

 ment. — Jl. New York Entotn. Soc, xxi, no. 1, March 1913, 

 pp. 55-61. 



An account is given of the habits and habitats of the commoner 

 North American mosquitos. Culex pipiens is regarded as essen- 

 tially a domestic species, breeding by preference in foul water. 

 Anopheles crucians and four species of Culex breed only in salt 

 marshes. Another group of species, including A. punctipennis 

 and A. maculipennis, is to be found only in open fields and 

 swamps ; Avhile the woodland pools yield quite a dift'erent set of 

 species. Among the latter, Anopheles barber i and two species 

 of Culex are restricted to the water in tree hollows. 



Various examples of the adaptation of habits to environment are 

 cited. Those species which deposit their eggs in rafts must avoid 

 running streams, or pools in which they are likely to be found by 

 enemies ; hence their selection of temporary puddles and the 

 shallow edges of protected pools. The selection of permanent 

 water by C . perturbans and C . inelanurus is due to the fact that 

 they pass the winter in the larval stage. The salt marsh species 

 oviposit when the meadows are almost dry, and the mud is then 

 littered with eggs, which remain unhatched for a month, or a 

 year, or several years, until covered with water, when the young 

 larvae emerge. Of the forms that lay their eggs singly, those in 

 which the eggs hatch in a few days, such as Anopheles, usually 

 frequent the more open permanent swamps ; while those in which 

 the eggs sink and remain at the bottom unhatched for nearly a 

 year, prefer woodland pools which last only during the spring 

 months. 



Some of the ett'ects of water vegetation and temperature upon 

 mosquito larvae are noticed, and details are given as to the geo- 

 graphical distribution of seA-eral species. 



OsBURN (Raymond C). Tabanidae as inhabitants of the hydro- 

 phytic area. — Jl. New York Eitlom. Soc, xxi, no. 1, March 

 1913, pp. G3-65. 



This i)aper contains some general notes on the breeding places 

 of several North American Tabanidae. 



ScELSi (S.). Pidocchi nei bovini. [Lice on C'attle.] — Hi vista di 

 Auricoltura, Varma, xix, no. 15, llih April 1913, pp. 232. 



The misery caused to stalled cattle by lice is great in Italy, 

 so much so that the animals are frequently not in a proper state 



