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Strickland (C). Short Key to the Identification of the Anopheline 

 Mosquitos of Malaya. — KvaJa Liaivpyr, F.M.S., 191^, 15 pp., 

 6 pi. 



This key, wliich is iiiteiided specially fur the use of medical 

 officers, comprises 15 species. The specific characters are clearly 

 illustrated by diagrams, and the key is prefaced by hints on 

 methods of examination. 



Parasitic Mange in Horses, Asses, and Mules. — Leaflef No. 274, 

 Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, London, July 1913. 



This leaflet contains a popular description of the parasites and 

 states that the larvae issue from the eggs from 4 to 7 days after 

 laying". The mites can exist on moist dung" for several weeks, 

 but live for a shorter time on a dry surface. The egg's are said to 

 retain their vitality for several weeks if moisture be present, 

 but only from o to 6 days in a dry atmosphere. The parasites 

 are killed by a temperature of 104° F. or over, but moderate 

 warmth, such as obtains in warm stables and during summer, 

 stimulates them and renders them more active. 



Three varieties of parasitic mange affect horses, asses, and 

 mules: — sarcoptic, psoroptic and symbiotic. Each is caused by 

 a special mite, which has a characteristic mode of life. The 

 sarcoptic form spreads slowly, but is the most difficult to cure. 

 The parts attacked first are generally those which come in contact 

 with the saddle or other harness. The psoroptic form spreads 

 rapidly and is more prevalent than the sarcoptic. It is at first 

 usually confined to those parts of the body on which the hair 

 is long, such as the neck, withers, rump and the base of the tail, 

 but in neglected cases spreads all over the body. The symbiotic 

 form is perhaps the most prevalent, but not so serious as the 

 two former. It is generally confined to the extremities of the leg, 

 but may also affect the tail. It develops slowly and only excep- 

 tionally invades other parts of the body. An animal may harbour 

 more than one form of mange at a time. 



The symptoms are described at length and attention is drawn 

 to the fact that in the case of symbiotic mange the horse may do 

 serious injury to its limbs, particularly to the coronet, by bruising 

 it with the opposite foot in making attempts to relieve the itching. 

 Parasitic mange is essentially contagious and may be spread 

 directly from one animal to another or indirectly by means of 

 litter, rugs, bandages, grooming tools, harness, stalls, stablemen 

 and their clothing and stable utensils. The parasite may live 

 off the animal for some weeks in harness, litter, etc., and care 

 should be taken in the loan or exchange of harness or the use 

 of secondhand harness. The disease may also be picked up on 

 board-ship, at sales, in railway trucks and from the shafts of 

 carts. Low condition and neglect of grooming greatly favours 

 the development and spread of the disease, so that internal 

 remedies given with a view to improving an animal's general 

 health are useful adjuncts to external treatment. The leaflet 

 concludes with a recital of the Parasitic Mange Order of 1911. 



