19 



been greatly increased during the past few years, owing to its establish- 

 ment in the Hawaiian Islands in 1910. Florida's greatest danger of 

 infestation appears to be in the direction of the West Indies, since 

 with the opening of the Panama Canal and the development of trade 

 between North and South America, this is the region through which 

 vessels pass from the now infested countries of Hawaii, Brazil, 

 Australia, Argentina and the Mediterranean. Should this fly become 

 established in Florida, it is likely to become a serious and ever-present 

 pest, since climatic conditions are favourable to its increase ; though, 

 on the other hand, the dearth of native host-fruits would render a 

 successful campaign for its control possible. 



Wilson (C. E). Some Florida Scale-Insects. — Qtrly. Bull. Florida 

 Slate Plant Board, Gainesville, ii, no. 1, October 1917, pp. 2-65, 

 70 figs. [Received 13th November 1918.] 



This paper, which aims at being, as far as possible, a practical 

 bulletin for the use of field inspectors and planters, does not give a 

 complete list of all the Florida species of Coccids, but serves as an 

 introduction to such a work. The host-plants mentioned are divided 

 into two groups, those found to be infested in Florida, and those which, 

 serving as food-plants elsewhere, are liable to be attacked in Florida. 

 The species, of which 79 are listed, are arranged in alphabetical order 

 under their popular names. 



Berger (E. W.). Control of Scale-Insects, or Coccidae, in Florida. — 



Qtrly. Bull. Florida State Plant Board, Gainesville ii, no. 1, 

 October 1917, pp. 66-81. [Received 13th November 1918.] 



The ideal time to spray for armoured scales is while they are 

 abundant in the first 3 weeks of their life, approximately during March 

 and April, June and July, and September and October, though it 

 may be advisable to spray without waiting for their appearance with 

 the strongest insecticide usable at the time, repeating this, if necessary, 

 3 or 4 times, at intervals of 2 or 3 weeks. Most, if not all, of the 

 armoured scales are more or less attacked by several Coccinellids and 

 other predaceous beetles, or by a number of Hymenopterous parasites. 



Soft scales are generally easily destroyed by spraying with oil 

 emulsions or mixtures of soap and water. In Florida they are probably 

 regularly parasitised and controlled by Hymenoptera, Coccophagus 

 lecanii, Fitch, for example, very commonly infesting the soft brown 

 scale [Coccus hesperidum, L.]. 



Several species are also largely controlled by the fungus, Aschersonia, 

 Coccus hesperidum, L.,and hemispherical scale [Saissetia hemisphaerica, 

 Targ.] being infested with either A. turbinata or A. cubensis. The 

 latter has recently been observed to eradicate almost completely a 

 severe infestation of the tulip-tree scale {Toumeyella liriodendri, 

 Gmel.), and more recently severely to infest the palm or tessellated 

 scale [Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Sign.]. 



For cushiony scales, extra amounts of soap should be mixed with the 

 oil sprays, and if soap alone is used, it should be at the strength of 

 15-18 lb. per 50 U.S. gals, water. Fortunately, spraying solutions are 

 rarely needed against these scales, since they are controlled by parasites 



(C629) B2 



