119 



Fruits punctured by A. fraterculus, even if no oviposition takes place, 

 are frequently destroyed by Colletotrichum and other fungus spores 

 or by bacterial rot. The growth of larvae of A. fraterculus in citrus 

 fruits is slower than in the other fruits mentioned, partly owing to 

 the qualities of the fruits themselves and partly to the lower tempera- 

 ture in autmnn and winter when these fruits are ripening. During 

 the coldest weather development ceases entirely and the season is 

 spent in a quiescent state by both larvae and pupae, though the adults 

 may continue active on warm days throughout the winter. 



If climatic conditions have been favourable to a heavy crop of 

 early fruit, fruit-flies are abundant, and consequently when oranges 

 are ripe they become heavily infested. Unfavourable weather 

 occurring eaiiy in the season may severely check the flies without 

 seriously damaging the fruit-trees and thus a good crop of compara- 

 tively clean fruit results. It has been found that neither frost nor rain 

 has much adverse eflect upon A. fraterculus, but heat and drought 

 occurring together are a considerable check to the fly. Moreover, 

 such conditions will produce a small crop of fruit, with the result that 

 the fly will be checked in its multiplication and the fruit of the suc- 

 ceeding season will be comparatively free. Many larvae and pupae 

 are killed outright by heat, and with a temperature much over 100° F., 

 larvae are often cooked in the fruit that falls in the sun before they can 

 escape and enter the soil. Such a temperature is fatal also to emerging 

 flies. 



Very few parasites of A. fraterculus have as yet been found in 

 Argentina, and these were all the same undetermined species of 

 Ichneumonid. Other parasites have been reported in Brazil. Some of 

 the parasites of Ceratitis capitata could doubtless be used to advantage 

 against the South American fruit-fly, but trials have not yet been 

 made. Artificial measures against A. fraterculus have not hitherto 

 proved very successful. Clean cultural methods, the destruction of 

 infested fruit, capture and destruction of adult flies, and the use of 

 poison sprays are all helpful in control but need to be practised with 

 co-operation to give any great measure of success. Poison sprays 

 are to be given a more extensive trial during the coming year. 



Weiss (H. B.) & Nicolay (A. S.)- The Life-History and Early Stages of 

 Calophya nigripennis, Riley. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., 

 XI, no. 6, December 1918, pp. 467-471, 1 fig. 



The Psyllid, Calophya nigripennis, Riley, appears to live exclusively 

 upon Rhus copallinum, and is found from Connecticut southward 

 to Georgia and Florida. It is fairly abundant in New Jersey although 

 it does not occur in every place where its food-plant grows. In some 

 localities heavy infestations of C. nigripennis have occurred without 

 much visible injury to the food-plant. Adults appear about mid-May 

 in the south of the State and about a week later in the north and occur 

 in diminishing numbers up to early July. Oviposition usually takes 

 place on the foliage at the tips of the twigs, and on the edges of young 

 leaves, from 2 to 40 eggs being found on a single small leaflet. The 

 incubation period is from 2 to 3 weeks, the first stage nymphs appearing 

 in middle or late June. There are 4 nymphal stages, each lasting about 

 a month. Towards the end of September practically all the nymphs 



