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OossARD (H. A). Important Clover Insects. Damage, Description, 

 Life-History and Control. — Mthly. Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., 

 Wooster, no. 28, April 1918, pp. 104-106, and no. 30, June 1918, 

 pp. 190-193, 3 figs. [Received 1st February 1919.] 



Hypera punctata (clover-leaf Aveevil) damages the leaves of red 

 clover every spring, attacking other species to a less e.^tent, as well as 

 lucerne and beans. Eggs are laid during September and October, 

 and while some hatch in about a month, others remain dormant 

 until the clover leaves unfold in late March or early April. The 

 larvae continue to feed until May or June, when they spin their 

 cocoons in the ground or in rubbish among the plants, remaining 

 in the pupal state for 2 to 3 weeks. Emergence continues 

 from early May until mid- July. Both larvae and adults shelter 

 during the day and feed at night, and drop quickly to the ground if 

 disturbed. Natural enemies of H. punctata include certain predaceous 

 beetles and their larvae, wild birds and domestic fowls, but none of 

 these are efficient. The fungus, Empusa sphaerosperma, attacks and 

 destroys the majority of the larvae in the spring, and without this 

 natural check the weevil would be the most serious pest of clover. 

 If this disease fails to control the insects in the spring, spraying might 

 be practised in the autumn mth arsenicals such as are used on potatoes. 



Bruchophagus funebris (clover-seed Chalcid) appears in the adult 

 form on warm days in spring just as the earliest clover heads are 

 turning from green to brown, and eggs are laid in these florets and 

 occasionally in newly opened bloom. Oviposition continues during 

 May and June, adults from these eggs appearing in July and August. 

 These lay their eggs in second-growth clover, and a small proportion 

 of these eggs develop into adults in September and October, but most 

 of the insects hibernate as larvae inside seeds lying on the ground. 

 These develop in the granarj^ eating out the whole contents of the 

 seeds. There is much overlapping of the broods and some individuals 

 of each generation hibernate in the seeds, while adults can be seen 

 from mid-May until mid-October. Cutting the clover in early June 

 or pasturing until that date prevents oviposition by the first adults 

 and disposes of eggs laid previously. Self-sown clover in the vicinity 

 should be clipped during the cutting period. Screenings of clover or 

 lucerne seed at threshing sites should be destroyed. Ploughing 

 second-year clover under to a depth of 8 inches will bury most of 

 the insects hibernating in seeds on the ground. All clover and lucerne 

 seed should be well cleared with a fanning mill before being sown. 



Cydia {Enarmonia) inter stinctana (clover-seed caterpillar) attacks 

 the seed crop of red, white, alsike and mammoth clovers. There are 

 three generations of this moth in a year. The larvae of the winter 

 generation hibernate in the field, feeding in the crowns of clover 

 plants, while some pupate in late autumn. The first brood of adults 

 begins to appear in mid-May and the moths are abundant by 1st June. 

 All disappear in late June. Moths of the second generation are seen from 

 late June throughout July, the larvae of this brood feedrag during 

 late July and early August. Moths of the third generation appear 

 soon after the middle of August and disappear towards the end of 

 September. Several Hymenopterous parasites infest the larvae and 

 keep them in check. Remedial measures are the same as those for 

 B. funebris. Clover should not be kept on the same ground for more 



