149 



with the habits of Anihonomus gmndis and methods of dealing with it. 

 Of these, the most effective consists in the starvation of late broods hj 

 doing away with the cotton which develops from late maturing bolls, 

 and by selecting strains of early maturing cotton, the growi^h of which 

 may be further advanced by intensively cultivating a smaller acreage. 

 Dusting with lead arsenate is also proving efficacious, the poison being 

 taken up in drinking the rain or dew adhering to the plant. 



Weevil infestation in Tennessee is only slight as yet, but the annual 

 loss is certain to be heavy, as it is in Texas and Alabama, unless rigid 

 methods of control are adopted and generally practised. 



Pemberton (C. E.) & WiLLARD (H. ¥■). A Contribution to the 

 Biology of Fruit-fly Parasites in Hawaii, — Jl. Agric. Research, 

 Washington, D.G., xv, no. 8, 25th November 1918, pp. 419-465, 

 41 figs., 1 plate. 



This paper summarises the results of a general investigation of the 

 biology, interrelation and economic value of introduced parasites of 

 Geratitis capitata, Wied. (Mediterranean fruit-fly). The anatomy of 

 Diachasma tryoni, Cam,, D. fullawayi, Silv., Opius humilis, Silv., and 

 Tetrastichus giffardianus, Silv., all of which are strictly larval parasites, 

 is described at length. 



Investigations on the parasitism of the melon-fly, Dacus (Bactrocera) 

 cucurbitae, Coq., by the parasites of C. capitata have shown that no 

 fruit-fly parasites will develop in melon-fly larvae under any conditions, 

 except in the case of Tetrastichus giffardianus, and this species wiU 

 do so only when in the presence of an egg or larva of the natural 

 melon-fly parasite, Opius fletcheri, which itself develops normally in 

 larvae of C. capitata. 



In addition to the larval parasites introduced into Hawaii to control 

 G. capitata, a Proctotrupid, Galesus silvestrii, Kieffer, was imported 

 in 1913. This is a pupal parasite which, though breeding' readily 

 in confinement, has never been established in the open. It seems to 

 act far more as a secondary than as a primary parasite, the female 

 always ovipositing in larvae of Tetrastichus giffardianus as they lie 

 developing in the fi-uit-fly puparium when they are not more than 

 4 days old. 



A Pteromalid, Pachycrepoideus dubius, Ashm., introduced from the 

 Philippines in 1914 as a dung-fly parasite, has been reared occasionally 

 from fruit-fly puparia, though it is not an important fruit-fly parasite. 

 The female oviposits in the puparium and the larva develops on the 

 pupa as an external feeder. This insect may be a primary, a secondary, 

 or a tCitiary parasite ; as a primary one it develops on the fiuit-fly pupa, 

 as a secondary on larvae or pupae of T. giffardianus, 0. humilis, 

 D. tryoni, D. fuUauayi, or G. silvestrii as they occur as parasites in 

 the fruit-fly puparium,, and as a tertiary parasite it will develop on a 

 larva of G. silvestrii, which in tm'n has been feeding in the larvae of 

 the above-mentioned Opiines or T. giffardianus. It should be borne 

 in mind that G. silvestrii is not known to be established in Hawaii as 

 yet, and that P. dubius probably only parasitises a fraction of 1 per 

 cent, of the fruit-fly puparia in the field, but that inter-relations 

 between these and the other fruit-fly parasites may be expected as a 

 natural sequence if they ultimately adapt themselves to Hawaiian 

 conditions and become thoroughly established. 



