238 



From China : Lepidopterous larvae in seed pods, herbs and beans, 

 and Cylas formicarius in sweet potatoes. From Florida : Clirysom- 

 phalus aonidum on citrus fruit ; Lepidosaphes beckii on citrus fruit 

 and Hibiscus ; Aspidiotus spp. on vanilla plants ; Howardia biclavis 

 on Hamelia ; Parlatoria spp. on Alpinia ; Ischnaspis longirostris on 

 cholcos. From Hawaii : Pseudococcus bromeliae and Diaspis bromeliae 

 on pineapples ; Coccus longulus on betel leaves. From Japan : 

 Larvae of an undetermined weevil in chestnuts and undetermined 

 Coccids on tangerines. From Mexico : larvae of Diatraea saccharalis 

 in sugar-cane ; an undetermined Coccid on Croton ; Pseudococcus 

 spp. on herbs ; Schizotetranychus (Tetranychus) mytilaspidis on 

 lemons ; ChrysompJialus aurantii on oranges. From Nicaragua : 

 Calandra oryzae in maize. From South Africa : C. oryzae in maize 

 and sunflower seed. From Missouri : Aegeria (Sanninoidea) exitiosa 

 in peach trees. From Oregon : Aspidiotus perniciosus, Lepidosaphes 

 ulmi and Cydia pomonella on apples ; Eriosoma lanigerum on fruit 

 trees ; Hartigia cressoni in raspberry cuttings. From Texas : Lepido- 

 saphes becJcii and Parlatoria spp. on oranges. From Washington : 

 Lepidosaphes ulmi, Aspidiotus perniciosus and Cydia pomonella on 

 apples. 



CoLLiNGE (W. E.). Some further Investigations on the Food of Wild 

 Birds. — Jl. Bd. Agric, Lond&n, xxv, no. 12, March 1919, pp. 

 1444-1462, 2 figs. 



The examination of the stomach contents of a further series of 

 8 species of wild birds, and the estimation of the food contents by 

 the volumetric method has now been completed [see this Review, 

 Ser. A, vi, p. 478.] 



The stomach contents of 798 adults and 16G nestlings belonging 

 to these species have been examined and diagrams are given showing 

 the proportion of injurious insects destroyed in each case. The 

 conclusions have been reached that (1) the jackdaw, yellow bunting, 

 great tit, blue tit, song thrush and fieldfare are distinctly beneficial ; 

 (2) the great tit, blue tit and fieldfare are beneficial to such an extent 

 that their protection is advisable ; (3) in spite of the damage it does, 

 it would be unwise to recommend any repressive measures for the 

 chaffinch ; (4) the starling has been allowed unduly to increase till 

 at the present time it is far too numerous and the damage it doea 

 is far greater than the benefits it confers. Temporary repressive 

 measures would, no doubt, help to restore a more normal population 

 of this bird, with consideiable benefit to both the farmer and the 

 fruit-grower. 



Consideration of the food percentages of these and of the species 

 previously examined shows that birds as a class are beneficial and 

 that the benefits they confer are more than twice as great as the 

 injuries they inflict. 



MiYAKE (T.). Studies on the Fruit-flies of Japan. Contribution t 



Japanese Orange-fly. —Bull. Imp. Central Agric. Expt. Sta. Japan, 



Nishigahara, Tokyo, ii, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 85-165, 9 plates, 



5 figs. 



Dacus tsuneonis, a new fruit-fly infesting orange orchards in the 



Island of Kiushiu, is described. Its distribution is apparently strictly 



