304 



Chrysomelu scalaris, Lee, was abundant during the summer of 

 1918 and eggs brought into the laboratory were reared to maturity. 

 While the beetles have been recorded from other localities on alder 

 {Alnus glutinosa), basswood, elm, linden and willow, during the present 

 observations in Nova Scotia they were found only on alder. 



Gastroidea polygoni, L., was reared from eggs taken on wild buck- 

 wheat {Polygonum convolvulus) during early August. 



Descriptions are given of the various stages of these beetles and 

 their life-histories are summarised in tables. 



Sanders (G. E.) & Brittain (W. H.)- A Modified Bordeaux Mixture 

 for Use in Apple Spraying. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia for 

 1918, Tmro, February 1919, pp. 51-61. 



The literature dealing with the question of the correct proportion 

 of lime to use in the manufacture of Bordeaux mixture is briefly 

 reviewed ; the principal changes that have been made in the 

 formulae employed are discussed and the reasons for these explained. 

 While further experiments are considered necessary to elucidate 

 certain points, the authors draw attention to the value of Bordeaux 

 mixture formulae with a much higher excess of lime than have 

 ordinarily been employed in apple spraying, and offer the following 

 provisional conclusions, which they believe to be correct for Nova 

 Scotia conditions, at least during the period studied by them. 



Neutral Bordeaux mixtures, such as Woburn Bordeaux, are not 

 superior as fungicides under actual field conditions to ordinary 

 Bordeaux made with equal parts of lime and copper sulphate, and such 

 neutral Bordeaux causes very much more injury to apple foliage. 

 Bordeaux mixture made up to the formula of 3-10-40 or 2-10-40 has 

 a higher fungicidal value than sulphide sprays in safe dilutions. Leaf 

 yellowing and other Bordeaux leaf-injury is reduced to a minimum, if 

 not entirely eliminated, by the use of such formulae. The benefits 

 in the form of freedom from injury produced by excess of lime, appar- 

 ently cease at about five parts of lime to one of copper sulphate. For 

 all practical purposes, fruit russeting, in the varieties tested, is 

 eliminated by substituting a spray of sodium polysulphide for the 

 application immediately following the dropping of the blossom petals 

 in carrying out the regular orchard spraying programme. As a 

 "carrier" for arsenicals, Bordeaux mixtures containing a high excass 

 of lime, such as 2-10-40 and 3-10-40 formulae, render all arseni- 

 cal poisons tested remarkably safe for use on foliage, but on the other 

 hand, they render them very low in killing value. Not less than 1 lb. 

 to 40 gals, of calcium-arsenate, analysing from 40-44 per cent AS^O^, 

 should therefore be used in these mixtures. During the period it 

 has been under observation, excess lime Bordeaux of either the 3-10-40 

 or 2-10-40 formula has given, on the whole, better results with less 

 injury than the mixtures commonly in use. In Nova Scotia and New 

 Brunswick it is growing rajjidly in favour, and many growers will use 

 it in future for three sprays, and many more for at least the fourth 

 spray. Fruit sprayed entirely with this compound, does not have the 

 smooth waxy finish obtained from the use of sulphide sprays. 



