351 



and notes on the development and life-history are given. The biology 

 of C. laetus is very similar to that of the closely-related C. {E.) saliceti, 

 Fall., but the gall-formations differ widely, those of C. laetus being 

 always under the buds, while those of C. saliceti include the buds. 

 The larvae of C. laetus hibernate in the pith of the rod stumps. For 

 this reason it is advised that when the osiers are being harvested the 

 stumps should be left of sufficient height to permit of their being 

 shortened by 3|-4 inches in winter. The pieces cut off at this time 

 must be burnt. As an alternative to this laborious method, it may be 

 possible to destroy the hibernating larvae by painting the stumps 

 with tar containing a proportion of arsenic. 



Kemner (N. a.). Hallon- och Vinbarsglasvingarna {Bemhecia hyhei- 

 formis, Lasp., och Sesia tipuliformis, CI.), tva Skadejur pa 

 Barbuskarna. [The Raspberry Root Borer, Pennisetia hylaei- 

 formis, and the Currant Borer, Aegeria tipuliformis, two Insects 

 injurious to Fruit Bushes.] — Meddelande fran Centralanstalten fdr 

 Fdrsoksvdsendet pd Jordbruksomradet, no. 181 ; Entomologiska 

 Avdelningen, no. 32, 1919, 18 pp., 15 figs. [With a summary in 

 German.] 



In Sweden the moth, Pennisetia hylaeiformis, is crepuscular or 

 nocturnal in habit and flies in July. The eggs are dropped on the 

 ground around raspberry canes. On hatching the larvae attack the 

 underground portions of the canes, and the entrance-holes may be 

 found as deep as 4 inches beneath the surface of the ground. The 

 larval mine is at first on the surface of the underground stem and often 

 runs round it so that a gall is formed. The pupal mine, which is often 

 prepared in autumn, is always made in an old stem. Up to the 

 present this has been considered the sole form of injury, old canes 

 that have lost their vigour being affected. Of far greater economic 

 importance, however, is the earlier mine beneath the pupal mine, as 

 this weakens or kills all the shoots higher up. 



The larva is described, and the characters that differentiate it from 

 allied species are given. A brief description is also given of the pupa. 

 P. hylaeiformis appears to have one annual generation in Sweden. 

 The only recognised insect enemy of this moth is an Ichneumonid, 

 Mevesia arguta, Wsml. A Cordyceps fungus infests the pupa. 



Aegena tipuliformis usually flies in July. There is one generation 

 a year. The eggs are laid singly on the branches and the larvae fiirst 

 attack the thin top branches and then hibernate in the stems. The 

 galleries always have black walls. 



The attack results in the withering of the small twigs of the crown. 

 Mines in older stems do not cause so much harm. Infested bushes 

 bear scarcely any fruit and do not produce shoots. 



Cecconi (G.). Manuale di Entomologia Forestale. — Florence, Fasc. 7, 

 1919, 64 pp., 69 figs. [Received 30th May 1919.] 



The seventh part of this work [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 487] 

 covering pp. 385-448 concludes the account of Coleopterous pests of 

 forests and begins the description of carnivorous beetles, some of 

 which are of considerable economic value. 



