376 



should be treated with soap sokition or oil emulsion sprayed from 

 below. Tetranychus bioculatus (red spider) and Eriophyes {Phyloptus) 

 theae (pink mite) should be dealt with by spraying with lime-sulphur 

 solution. 



CusHMAN (R. A.). Descriptions of new North American Ichneumon- 

 Flies.— Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Washington, D.C., Iv, no. 2284, 

 1919, pp. 517-543. [Received 8th July 1919.] 



The new parasitic Hymenoptera described in this paper include 

 the Braconid : Habrobracon politiventris, sp. n., parasitic on Polychrosis 

 viteana, Clem. ; and the Ichneumonids : Chrysopoctonus patruelis, sp. n. , 

 on Chrysopa sp. ; Aenoplex polychrosidis, sp. n., and Spilocryptus 

 exannulatus, sp. n., on Polychrosis viteana ; Helcostizus rufiscutum., 

 sp. n., on Phloeosinns sp. ; Cryptohelcostizus rufigaster, gen. et sp. n., 

 on Chrysohothris mali and Agrilus angelicus ; Glypta mutica, sp. n. , 

 on Polychrosis viteana ; Mesoleius balteatus, sp. n., on Taxonus 

 (Amestastegia) glabratus, Fall. 



White (G. F.). Nosema-Disease.— Z7. S. Dept. Agric, Washington 

 D.C., Bull. no. 780, 12th June 1919, 59 pp., 4 plates, 7 figs. 



Full particulars are given concerning the cause, symptoms, modes 

 of transmission, diagnosis and prognosis of Nosema disease in bees, 

 wdth the results of experiments made to determine the resistance of 

 Nosema apis to heating, drying, fermentation, putrefaction, direct 

 sunlight and carbolic acid. 



The following is the author's summary : (1) Nosema-disease is 

 an infectious disorder of adult bees caused by Nosema apis. (2) The 

 disease is not particularly malignant in character, being in this respect 

 more Uke sacbrood than the foulbroods. (3) Adult workers, drones, 

 and queens are susceptible to infection, but the brood is not. (4) The 

 infecting agent, Nosema apis, is a Protozoan that attacks the walls 

 of the stomach and occasionally those of the Malpighian tubules. 

 (5) A colony can be inoculated by feeding it with syrup containing 

 the crushed stomachs of infected bees. (6) One-tenth of the germs 

 present in a single stomach are sufficient to produce marked infection 

 in a colony. (7) Within a week following the inoculation, the parasite 

 can be found within the walls of the stomach. (8) Before the close 

 of the second week infection can be determined by the gross appear- 

 ance of the organ. (9) The disease can be produced at any season 

 of the year by feeding inoculations. (10) Infected bees may be 

 found at all seasons of the year, the highest percentage of infection 

 occurring in the spring. (11) Nosema infection among bees occurs 

 at least in Australia, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, England, 

 Canada and the United States. This distribution shows that the occur- 

 rence of the disease is not dependent altogether upon climatic condi- 

 tions. (12) The course of the disease is not affected directly by the 

 character or quantity of food obtained and used by the bees. (13) A 

 sluggish body of water, if near an apiary and used by bees as a water 

 supply, and the robbing of diseased colonies, must be considered 

 for the present as two probable sources of infection. (14) The 

 transmission of the disease through the medium of flowers is not to- 

 be feared. (15) The hands and clothing of the apiarist, the tools 



