392 



has two generations a year. Clania moddermanni, Heyl., feeds on 

 a variety of fruit and other trees. Each female lays 2,000-4,000 eggs or 

 more, which hatch in about 54 days. The caterpillars feed until May 

 or June, pupation taking place in June and July and lasting probably 

 2 months. The ravages of this species, which might become very 

 serious, especially in the case of fruit trees, are kept in check by 

 numerous Tachinid and other parasites. Other species are Manatha 

 aethiojjs, Hmp. , found on silver wattle {Acacia dealhata) ; M. subhyalina, 

 Janse, oh Brachylaena discolor ; Semimanallia fumosa, Janse, found 

 on oak {Quercus pedunculata) and very heavily parasitised by a small 

 Hymenopteron and a fungus disease ; Monda delicatissima, Wlk.^ 

 on Desmodium incanum ; M. major, Heyl., on Helichrysum parvi- 

 florum ; M. rogenhofferi, Heyl. (turret bagworm) ; and M. Jieylaertsi^ 

 Junod. 



EoKUSABURO Kudo. Contributions to the Study of Parasitic Protozoa. 

 I. On the Structure and Life-history of Nosema homhycis, Nageli. 

 — Bull. Imperial Sericultural Expt. Sia. Japan, Tokyo, i, no. 1, 

 May 1916, pp. 31-51, 2 plates. [Received 9th July 1919.] 



The contents of this technical paper are indicated by its title. 



Smith (R. C). Ear Worm Injuries to Corn and Resulting Losses. — JL 

 Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919, pp. 229-233, 

 1 plate. 



The various types of injury to maize caused by Heliolhis iCliloridea) 

 ohsoleta, ¥., are briefly discussed. The first generation of moths usually 

 oviposits in the unfolding leaves in the heart of young plants, in which 

 the larvae, on hatching, eat large, irregular holes. This injury 

 apparently does not necessarily interfere with the production of ears. 

 The larvae may also enter the stalk, but usually next attack the 

 tassels, causing considerable damage to the staminate flowers in the 

 course of a few days. The most important loss is due however to the 

 attack on the ears. As is well known, the moths frequently oviposit 

 on the fresh silk, on which the larvae feed after devouring the empty 

 egg-shells. The larvae may crawl along the silk to the tip of the 

 ear or remain exposed on the silk for seA^eral instars, but the most 

 common form of injury involves the severing of the strands below 

 the ends of the husks. When this occurs prior to fertilisation, it 

 results in the absence of kernels on that part of the ear. When the 

 larvae enter the ear, it is usually through the centre of the silk mass. 

 The loss due to the destruction of the kernels themselves is yet another 

 source of loss and has been estimated in various places from a fraction 

 of 1 per cent, to 25 per cent., although in the Southern States as 

 much as 100 per cent, has been recorded. 



The damaged ears may be used as food for stock unless the attacks 

 of ear-worms are followed by the appearance of mould, which fre- 

 c[uently causes the death of stock, especially horses. The larvae may 

 also continue feeding on the kernels after they harden, in which case 

 only the germ is eaten out. 



The damage caused to maize by H. obsoleta is aggravated by the 

 fact that the holes made in the husks afford easy access to many 

 other insect pests of maize, especially grain weevils. 



