452 



found in healthy bees, it has occurred exceptionally. In these cases 

 the infection has possibly been present earUer in such hives, and it 

 is certain that many cases of paralysis and dysentery recorded in bees 

 have been due to para typhus. 



This somewhat infectious and mahgnant disease can be spread 

 (1) by purchase of infected bees and of apparently healthy bees that 

 originate from a hive that some time previously has been attacked by 

 the disease ; (2) through foreign infected males ; (3) through beekeepers 

 carrying the infection from attacked apiaries to healthy ones ; 

 (4) through infected frames, tools or hives. The author therefore 

 proposes measures controlhng the purchase of bees and the prohibition 

 of the importation of foreign bees and queens. 



Geschwind (A.). Die der Omorikafichte {Picea omorica, Pane.) 

 schadliehen Tiere und parasitisehen Pilze. [The Animals and 

 parasitic Fungi injurious to the Spruce, Picea omorica.]— Naturwiss. 

 Zeitschr. Forst- n.. Landwirtschaft, Stuttgart, xvi, no. 11-12, 

 November-December 1918, pp. 387-395. 



Picea omorica may still be found in a few areas in the Balkan Pen- 

 insula. This species of spruce is one that is dying out and in spite 

 of its good quaUties is only planted for ornamental purposes in central 

 and southern Europe. The conclusion reached is that injurious 

 insects and fungi have played an important part in hastening its 

 extinction. The following insects have been observed on P. omorica : — - 

 Coleoptera, Anobium abietis, F., Ijjs typographus, L., /. amitinus, 

 Eich., Pityogenes chalcograjjhus, L., Hylastes {Hylurgops) paUiatus, 

 Gyll., Xyloterus lineatus, 01., Cerambyx luridus, L., and C. bajulus, L. ; 

 Hymenoptera, Lygaeonematus (Nematus) abietinus, Christ., and 

 Sirex gigas, L. ; Lepidoptera, Cydia {Grapholitlia) strobilella, L. ; and 

 a scale-insect, Physokermes piceae, Schr. {Coccus racemosus, Ratz.). 



ScHEiDTER (F.). Ueber die Feststellung des Parasitenbesatzes bei 

 Forstschadlingen. [The Determination of the Degree of 

 Parasitisation in Forest Vests.]— Forstwissenschftl. Centralblatt, 

 Berlin, xh, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 1-15. 



In view of the important role played by the natural enemies of forest 

 pests this paper describes methods for determining the extent of 

 parasitism present by examination of the larvae and pupae of the hosts. 

 Attention is drawn to the importance of distinguishing between 

 Tachinid and Ichneumonid larvae, and their respective appearance is 

 carefidly described. The host larvae or pupae must be gently handled, 

 anS as large a number must be collected as can be examined not later 

 than within the next few days. There are some exceptions to this rule. 

 For instance, in the pupae of Biqjalus piniarius collected in autumn 

 the parasitic larvae are so small as to be easily overlooked, so that the 

 pupae must be kept for some time in a warm room under suitable 

 conditions of humidity. It is necessary to know which stage or stages 

 of the host must be examined. In some species the eggs and in others 

 the larvae or pupae contain the important parasites. In Lymantria 

 monacha (nun moth) Tachinids, especially Parasetigena segregata, Rond., 

 must be looked for in the older larvae and also in the pupae. The 

 mature larvae and pupae of Dendrolimus pini, L., harbour both 



