453 



Ichneumonids and Tachinids. As however some Ichneumonids leave 

 the half-grown larvae and an egg-parasite also occurs, the best plan 

 is to examine the larvae in spring and the eggs in smnmer about 2 or 3 

 weeks after oviposition. This can be done at leisure, for measures 

 against D. pini are applied in the following spring when the larvae 

 that have hibernated on the ground begin to ascend the trees. Bwpalus 

 piniarius, L.,is parasitised by Ichneumonids and Tachinids, which may 

 be searched for as soon as all the larvae descend from the trees and 

 begin to pupate, usually in early December. If the formation is 

 urgently required, the pupae should be kept moist in a warm room for 

 2 or 3 weeks before examination, but it is usually better to delay 

 investigation until the spring. The chief enemy of Panolis flammea is 

 a Tachinid, Panzeria rudis, and an examination of the full-grown larvae 

 could be made ; but as at that time the Ichneumonid parasites are 

 very minute, it is better to postpone operations until autumn, with the 

 further advantage that parasitised pupae are then easily recognised 

 so that the tedious internal examination is unnecessary. Care must be 

 taken, however, to include the Tachinids that have emerged and are 

 present as puparia. Dr. Wolff, of Eberswalde, has recorded an 

 egg-parasite, Trichogramma piniperda, in P. flammea. Sawflies are much 

 parasitised by Tachinids and Ichneumonids and these may be found 

 in the larvae within their cocoons. Where there are two generations 

 the cocoons may be collected in summer from the branches, bark, etc., 

 and in winter under leaves, etc., on the ground. In the case of a single 

 generation collection must take place in winter. The cocoons may be 

 stored and the parasites coimted after thej^ emerge, and the apparently 

 sound cocoons may then be opened. As the sawfly, Diprion 

 (Lophyrus) pini, is sometimes highly infested with an egg-parasite, 

 Teleas sp., it is necessary to examine the eggs as well. Cej^haleia 

 ahietis {Lyda hypotropkica) and Acantholyda {L.) stellata appear to suffer 

 little from parasites, so that natural control is slow in their case. 

 During the winter an examination must be made of the larvae 

 hibernating in the ground. For some time previously they should be 

 kept in a warm room, on a bed of sand and covered with moss damped 

 periodically, in order to hasten the development of the parasites. 



Full directions, quoted from existing literature, are given on the 

 methods of conducting the internal examination of larvae and pupae. 



Peteaschek (K.). Einiges uber die angewandte Entomologie in 

 Amerika und ihren Einfluss auf die entomologischen Reform- 

 bestrebungen in Deutschland und Deutsch-Oesterreich. [A few 



Notes on Applied Entomology in the United States and its 

 influence on the Attempts at Entomological Reform in Germany 

 and German Austria.] — Forstwissenschaftl. Centralhlatt, Berlin, xli, 

 no. 5, May 1919, pp. 161-173. 



A brief review is given of the position of apphed entomology in 

 the United States due to the ample funds at the disposal of the 

 entomological authorities and to excellent organisation, and the 

 attempts made in recent years to model entomology in Germany on 

 these lines are described. To pave the way for this reform Prof. 

 Escherich and others founded in 1913 the " German Society for Apphed 

 Entomology " and arranged the pubhcation of the " Zeitschrift fur 



