456 



The existing legislation against pests of plants is reviewed in detail ; 

 this covers all the known pests in Italy and prohibits the introduction 

 of those from abroad. Sections are devoted to remedial measures 

 against special pests, the bulk of which have already been noticed 

 in this Review, and to an account of the introduction of the better 

 known enemies of common pests, such as ProspalteUa berlesei against 

 Auhcaspis pentagona [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 189, etc.]. 



The question of introducing the African parasites of Dacus oleae 

 has been under consideration for some time and some attempt has been 

 made in this direction [see this Review, Ser, A. vi, p. 256]. A difficulty 

 arises in the fact that the wild olives of Eritrea have a skin of only 

 0"3 to 0'6 mm. thickness, whilst that of the cultivated Itahan ohves 

 is generally at least 1 mm. Those African parasites that have a short 

 ovipositor cannot therefore be useful in Italy. The species rehed 

 upon for control are Opius africanus, 0. dacicida, Bracon celer, Halticop- 

 tera daci and AUomphalus cavasolae. If these Hymenoptera become 

 estabhshed in Italy, they should prove a very efficient control for 

 D. oleae ; the development of B. celer and A. cavasolae is nearly twice 

 as rapid as that of their host, and that of the two species of Opius is 

 scarcely less so, these parasites also having a long adult hfe. It is 

 proposed to estabMsh a temporary laboratory in Eritrea for the study 

 of D. oleae and its parasites, with the intention of extending this 

 research into Abyssinia, south-eastern Africa and Asia. Experiments 

 have also been made in the colonisation of H. daci and 0. concolor in 

 France. Rhizobius lophantae has been colonised in southern Italy 

 to destroy various scale-insects. The importance of another CoccineUid, 

 Novius cardinalis, which was introduced into Italy nearly 20 years 

 ago against Icenja piurcliasi and has subsequently been used with 

 great success in other countries, has frequently been noticed [see this 

 Review, Ser. A, i, p. 171, etc.]. 



Lecaillon (A.). N6gril et Gal6ruque. Notes sur la Biologie du 

 N6gril de la Luzerne [Colaspidema atra, Latr.) de la Gal^ruque de 

 rOrme [Galerucella luteola, F. Muller) et de la Gal6ruque de I'Aulne 



{Agdastica alni, L.). — Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, iv (1915), 

 1917, pp. 145-161. [Received 1st September 1919.] 



The habits of these three beetles being similar, they are considered 

 together, and it is hoped that these notes, although incomplete, may 

 be of some assistance in arriving at a rational method for their destruc- 

 tion. The seasonal history of Galerucella luteola on ehns is discussed 

 [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 223], two generations being observed 

 in a year. Agelastica alni is universally admitted to have only one 

 generation annually. 



In the case of Colaspidema atrum only one generation has been 

 recorded by any observer, but the author questions whether there m.ay 

 not be two. This would explain the presence of adults reproducing 

 as late as September. In the neighbourhood of Toulouse both 

 larvae and adults of C. atrum may be found in the lucerne fields 

 from mid-April to mid-September. Many records of oviposition of 

 this species are given and show that after a single fertihsation the 

 females can continue to o\aposit for a long period. The duration of 



