495 



several years have passed. Apples that have been subjected to 

 attack by A. sorbi are usually checked in development, especially in 

 the dimensions of the transverse diameter. The conformation and 

 colour of the fruit is also affected. 



The efiects of Aphid infestation on the structure of apples, production 

 of seed, weight, etc., are discussed at length with illustrations and 

 tables, as well as their influence on the fibro-vascular system. 



Fulton (B. B.). Insect Injuries of Apple Fruit. — New York Agric. 

 Expt. Sta., Geneva, Circ. 57, 20th February 1918, 15 pp., 14 figs., 

 1 table. [Received 15th September 1919.] 



This circular has been compiled for the purpose of helping fruit 

 growers to distinguish the different kinds of insect injuries that appear 

 on apple fruits at picking time. A key is given for the identification 

 of such injuries, though it is pointed out that there are other insect 

 injuries that are not apparent on the mature fruit, and a short account 

 is given of the insects causing the damage. A spraying schedule 

 for apples is given, with formulae for the usual sprays, including 

 a dilution table for lime- sulphur wash, and a table showing the periods 

 during which the various insects are actively injurious to the fruit, 

 though this is not necessarily the proper time for combating them. 



Hartzell (F. Z.). Experiments for the Control of the Grape Root- 

 Worm. — New York Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva, Bull. 453, 

 December 1918, pp. 255-332, 10 plates, 8 figs. [Received 15th 

 September 1919.] 



The life-history and habits of and damage caused by Fidia viticida, 

 Walsh (grape root-worm) are described [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, 

 p. 163]. Previous remedial measures against this pest aimed at 

 the destruction of adults by arsenical sprays alone or in combination 

 with Bordeaux mixture. This treatment, however, did not give 

 very good results, and the present bulletin describes in detail tests 

 made to determine its value, and also to develop a method of adding 

 sweetened poison to make a more efficient insecticide. It was found 

 that for general vineyard spraying, when the beetles are not abundant, 

 two applications of Bordeaux mixture (8:8: 100) with 6 lb. lead 

 arsenate, at an interval of about ten days, were effective ; but the 

 treatment must be thoroughly done, at the proper moment, and in 

 favourable weather, to ensure success, and is more effectual when 

 continued over several seasons. When the beetles occur in excessive 

 numbers, a more efEective remedy is a spray of 2 gals, molasses, 

 6 lb. lead arsenate and 100 gals, water, followed in about a week 

 by one application of the other mixture described. As the addition 

 of molasses destroys the adhesiveness of lead arsenate [see this Review, 

 Ser. A, vi, p. 198], the material must be applied at a time when no 

 rain is expected for several days. Glucose proved less effective than 

 molasses ; zinc arsenite, either alone or with molasses, severely injured 

 grape foliage. Testing of the flight of the adults of F. viticida showed 

 that they usually fly with the wind, but do not migrate to any extent 

 when the wind is strong. 



