87 



last, the nervures and branches are all heavily bordered with dark 

 gray-brown, much more than in any of my Alpine Bryoniae. 

 Probably Lapland examples would show this same heavy veining. 

 Mr. Mead writes: "The dark winter form {Bryoniae) was caught 

 during the last week in July (in Southern Newfoundland), but 

 nearly all were more or less battered, and many caterpillars were 

 nearly full grown at that time." This would make the first 

 appearance of the early butterflies about ist July, or last week in 

 June. From these caterpillars Mr. Mead obtained several chrysa- 

 lids, about 50 percent, of which gave imagos between 15th and 

 20th August, the duration of the pupa period in such cases being 

 about two weeks. The remainder have over-wintered. I have 

 received from Mr. Mead i (^ 2 ? which so emerged in August. 

 These are of as large size as the parent-form, the $ measuring 

 2.2 inch, the two females 2 inches. The females at first glance 

 look like ? Vcnosa, and in the clouding and the spots of upper 

 side come very close to a female from Vancouver's Island. They 

 are yellow on both sides like that, but the apical patch is more 

 continuous, and the nervures on upperside are not edged gray. 

 Beneath, the nervures of primaries are scarcely more gray than 

 specimens of Oleracea cestiva, the few scales that are present 

 being on subcostal and median inside the cell ; secondaries are 

 moderately edged from base to end of cell, and on the nervures 

 the scales diminish regularly to the margin. 



The male is white as Oleracea ; no black veins on upper side ; 

 a pale gray apex to primaries, and a little black at bases of wings. 

 Below, light yellow, immaculate, the scales as in the females. 



Now clearly this form is not Venosa. It is the summer gene- 

 ration in Newfoundland ; Venosa the winter generation in its ter- 

 ritory. But this is between Venosa and the summer form of same, 

 Pallida. I call it Acadica. 



Evidently, in Newfoundland there is one annual generation 

 and a partial second generation, and the existence of the species 

 there must mainly depend on the early chrysalids which over- 

 winter. A favorable long summer would allow the larvse of the 

 second brood to go to chrysalis, but a short or cold summer would 

 not. And, as has been observed in the case of other species of 

 butterflies in northern regions, nature has made provision against 

 extinction by carrying part of the chrysalids of the early genera- 

 tion over to the next year. This partial second generation in 

 Newfoundland has developed a form not seen on the main land, 

 where we find the well-defined winter form, Venosa, and its 

 equally well-defined summer generation, Pallida. Acadica lies 

 between these two, and is yet a summer form. 



Of the intervening country between Northern Alaska and 

 British Columbia we know nothing, and therefore cannot say 

 where Bryonice becomes digoneutic, and Venosa comes in. But in 

 British Columbia and Vancouver's Island we know that Bryonies 



