90 



white, with the base of primaries a little blackened. Under side 

 as in Napi except that tJicre are no black spots, and that the origin of 

 casta of secondaries is a little saffron colored. It replaces i7i the 

 U. S. our Napi." Boisduval, in describing Napi, says nothing of 

 yellow or orange at the origin of costa of secondaries. When he 

 speaks of BryonicE he gives that character, " almost always a little 

 saffron colored," I find some European Napi without any shade 

 at base of costa deeper than rest of the wing, others with a deeper 

 yellow there, and in three examples the yellow deepens to pale 

 orange. This orange shoulder is a persistent character in Oleracea 

 hyeinalis. 



Dr. Harris described Oleracea in N. E. Farmer, and also in 

 Ins. Mass., thus : " Wings white, dusky next the body ; the tips of 

 the upper ones yellowish beneath, with dusky veins ; under side 

 of hind wings straw-color, zvitJi broad dusky vei?is, and tJie a?igles 

 next the body deep ycllozv!' This is Oleracea Jiyemalis. 



In Agassiz' Lake Superior, Dr. Harris says: '■^Oleracea: 

 Wings yellow- white, the anterior pair dusky on the front edge and 

 base; tip beneath pale yellow with dusky veins, under side of the 

 hind wings pale yellow with broad dusky veins and a saffron- 

 yelloiv spot in the humeral angle. The tip of the fore wing is 

 often marked with two or three dusky stripes in the males. (The 

 dusky veining of the hind wings is less distinct in the females than 

 in the other sex, and is sometimes entirely wanting. Specimens 

 of the females have been seen, though rarely, with one or two 

 dusky spots on the upper side of the fore wings). The last 

 clauses, which I have enclosed in parenthesis, describe the summer 

 form of the female, but the description of the male is of the 

 winter form. 



I am familiar with Oleracea as it appears in the Catskill 

 Mountains of New York, having observed it at different 

 seasons of the year, and bred the larvae from eggs laid by females 

 in confinement. The male of the typical winter form has the 

 bases of the wings largely blackened, the costa of primaries heavily 

 edged withblack, andthe apex more or less so; the anterior nervules 

 are apt to be edged with black. The under side is either white with 

 the faintest tint of yellow, or secondaries and the apical area of 

 primaries are decidedly yellow, and individuals vary between these 

 extremes. The nervures and branches on secondaries are bordered 

 with gray-brown, sometimes heavily, sometimes moderately ; so 

 are the nervures of primaries moderately edged. The shoulders 

 of secondaries are saffron or deep orange-yellow. Sometimes 

 there is an indistinct spot on fore wings of male, usually a mere 

 cluster of scales. The females are colored like the males, but have 

 the gray at base of primaries more extended ; so also along costa, 

 but otherwise they agree with the males on both surfaces and 

 vary in precisely the same manner. 



But in the southernmost range of the species, where there is 



