91 



more than one annual generation, some of the early or winter 

 butterflies assume characters of the summer generation, due 

 doubtless to intercrossing, which must take place, as be- 

 lated individuals of the first brood would be on the wing 

 when the earlier of the second brood appear. In my own experi- 

 ence I have had both heavy-veined and very light-veined butter- 

 flies in the spring from chrysalids of same brood of preceding 

 year from the CatskiHs. Mr, J. Alston Moffat, of Hamilton, On- 

 tario, has sent me 3^2? taken by him between 13th and 26th 

 May, 1877, and therefore of the first generation of the year. One 

 male and one female have the veins moderately heavy ; 2 ^ i ? 

 light, and like the usual summer generation. And Mr. Moffat 

 wrote that he had 5^1? remaining, caught at same time, of 

 which two males were heavily shaded, one remarkably so, two 

 lightly shaded, and one had the shading scarcely visible, and that 

 the female corresponded to this last male in the light shading. 



Although Vciiosa is the winter form of the Pacific Coast, yet 

 occasionally an Olcraeea Jiyemalis is brought in by collectors. I 

 have one male taken in 1880, by Mr. H. K. Morrison, on Mt. 

 Hood, Oregon, of the extreme type, so far as indicated by the 

 under surface, which is as heavily veined as a male of Frigida 

 sent me by Mr. Scudder. Placed side by side I can see no dif- 

 ference between the two on this surface. But the upper side 

 is neither grimy nor black-veined, like Frigida, and is like Olcra- 

 eea of New York. 



How far to the north we must go to find Oleraeea monogoneutic 

 I am unable to say. Kirby says that 3 $ were in the collection made 

 by Richardson and submitted to him, and that these came from 

 lat. 65°, which would be not far from the mouth of Mackenzie's 

 River. What is remarkable is that all of these zvere of the suinnier 

 type* with merely a few scales on the nervures of secondaries 

 below. This would imply that two generations fly at that high 

 latitude, almost at the Arctic sea. On the other hand, I had, 

 several years ago, from Mrs. Ross, of Fort Simpson, on Macken- 

 zie's River, about 62° lat., a large number of specimens of Oleraeea, 

 all more or less heavily veined, the winter type. These were the 

 Slave Lake examples referred to by Mr. Scudder in his paper on 

 North American Pierids, 1861, in which he says that the indica- 

 tions therefrom are " that the paler forms are more commonly met 

 with in the more southern localities, and the more heavily marked 

 ones are the characteristic forms of the north." If one might hint 

 that there was a mistake in labelling those pale butterflies of 

 Richardson, the mystery would be cleared up, and otherwise I do 

 not understand at all how Casta, Kirby, could be found at so 

 high a latitude. A very large part of the lepidoptera described by 

 Kirby are stated to be from Canada and other more southern 

 localities. I have now before me five males of this lot from 



*Casta, Kirby, being synonymous with Oleraeea cestiva. 



