156 



says : All P. inachaon from Sicily belong to P. spJiyrus, but the 

 spring form is darker and intermediate of P. Diachaon and P.hospiton. 



I have given, as I believe, before ample and satisfactory 

 proof concerning the variation in color of P. machaon 2ind its most 

 extreme forms, P. hospiton, P. sphyrus and P. asiaticus. It should 

 be remarked that Dr. J. Delaharpe, 1. c, p. i-6, gives, i860, very de- 

 tailed and interesting examination of the causes which produce 

 a change of color in butterflies and caterpillars. His paper has 

 never been used in the literature concerning this question. 



But not only the imago shows a large variation in color by 

 P. macJiaon. The caterpillar and the chrysalis differ also consid- 

 erably. Concerning the caterpillar, all stages, except the second, 

 are well figured by Sepp. F. I., G. I., pi. 3. 



The full-grown black variety, by Ernst T., I., pi. 34, f. 68, 

 b. ; by Freyer, 1. c, pi. 74, the first stage and the full-grown black 

 variety ; by Ver Huell, 1. c, pi. 7, f i, the full-grown black vari- 

 ety. The full-grown green caterpillar is everywhere figured, 

 sometimes together with the first form, Huebner Gesch. Schmett, 

 pi. 47 and 49 with the chrysalis. Also De Geer gives good de- 

 scriptions of the previous stages of the caterpillar. It is stated 

 that the black variety gives imagos alike P. sphyrus!^ 



There are commonly two forms of the chrysalis, one green, 

 the other gray, which forms do not belong to the different sexes. 



There are numerous communications in the Ann. Soc. Ent., 

 Fr., about the two forms, after 1868. Mr. Fettig had contended 

 that the color of the chrysalis changes conforming to the attach- 

 ment on green or dark objects. Mr. Fallou, ibid Proc. 1871, p. 

 54, proves, by experiment, that this is not the case. The same 

 author and Mr. Mabile, 1. c, 1872, Proc. p. 55, state the same dif- 

 ference in the chrysalids of P. Jiospiton. A figure of the chrysa- 

 lis of the black variety of the caterpillar is given by Mr. Ver 

 Huell, 1. c, pi. 7., f. 2. 



Having tried to state the hitherto known limits in which P. 

 inachaon of the old world can vary, I arrive to the knotty ques- 

 tion of the American P. machaon. Of the specimens quoted by 

 Mr. W. H. Edwards (" Papilio," I, p. 75), I have only seen the 

 type of /^. (^/zrt5/^(7, Scudder. I had the benefit to compare this 

 type, together with the specimen of P. Zolicaon with which the 

 author had compared it. A comparison with the Asiatic form was 

 in 1869 entirely impossible for the author, as then no specimen 

 existed in American collections, and only very few in Europe. 

 The type of P. aliaska expand 80 mm.; and is identical with P. 

 oregonius. The tails are very short, a little less than 5 mm. long. 

 Among the differences noted by Mr. Edwards, the first one is 

 remarkable, the hind margins of the fore wings are convex in all 

 specimens seen by him. This is exactly the case in P. aliaska 



* Dr. Weisman Stadien, vol. II., pi. 2, f. 36, figures the sixth segment of the caterpillar of P. hos- 

 piton (app.-irently black var.), P. mac/mon, P. Zolicaon. 



