159 



The three males from Kanagawa exp. 95 to 105 mm.; two 

 females 105 to 112 mm.; the tail is 9 to 13 mm. long. 



The females differ, indeed, more from P. niacJiaon and P. 

 oregoniiis than the other varieties. The yellow on the upper side 

 is paler, more whitish, and of considerably less extent ; the black 

 ends more nebulous ; the under side has more yellow, the black 

 nearly disappearing ; the blue moon above the red anal spot is 

 separated by a strong black band. Of the three males one ap- 

 proaches in the color of the upper side more the females, but the 

 two others are similar to P. oregonius, except that the yellow middle 

 band of the primaries is narrower, the black band of the under 

 wings larger, covering the end of the cell ; the blue moon well 

 separated by a black line. The tail of one male is not longer 

 than in P. oregoniiis. The under side differs principally in the 

 primaries where the black in the cell along the costal margin and 

 along the nervures has disappeared. The black sub-marginal 

 band is sloping, its internal margin waved (just as in the 

 form from Tokio). The large black band at the apex of the cell 

 is on the under side of all wings and in one female on the upper 

 side, divided by a faint yellow line, which is more perspicuous on 

 the Tokio specimen. The black band of the hind wings has the 

 inner border straight or nearly so, reaching the end of the cell or 

 not reaching it. 



Mr. H. Pryer (in Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1882, p. 486), on 

 certain temperature forms of Japanese butterflies, says of P. 

 macJiaon, " The difference between the temperature forms is 

 very striking. March specimens are about 2y2 to 2^ inch in ex- 

 panse and very pale colored, the summer forms expanding over 

 five inches and are very dark, handsome insects. No alteration 

 takes place in the markings, the colors being intensified only." 



I think there can be no further doubt about P. hippocrates 

 being only a marked and large variety of P. macliaon. It is inter- 

 esting to state that the colors and pattern of P. hospiton are about 

 intermediate between the Tokio form and P. hippocrates. 



Prof. A. Pagenstecher (in Verh. Heidelberg Nat. Medic. 

 Ver., 1874, N. Serie. Heft I, p. 22, separ.), Ueber den ursprung 

 einiger Europ. Schmetterlinge, speaks at some length about P. 

 hippocrates. He has seen only the summer form, which he be- 

 lieves to be different from P. machaon and proposes for it the name 

 P. micado, because he has not seen intermediate specimens" nor was 

 he able to compare De Haan'swork. He gives a full description. 

 This paper has not been used by N. Amer. Lepidopterologists, 

 though it treats at some length nearly all N. Amer. Papilios, and is 

 very interesting, as he arrives to the final conclusion that the Euro- 

 pean forms are derived from the American ones. It treats at con- 

 siderable length P. asterias and its related forms. 



Can the separation of the American species be maintained } 

 I answer boldly, no ! After the examination of a hitherto unpar- 



